Disposal practices for unused medications around the world

Tong, Alfred Y.C.; Peake, Barrie M.; Braund, Rhiannon

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2010.10.002

Cited by 292 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…6 Pharmacists have the greatest interaction with consumers and prescription and non-prescription medications and are therefore, in an excellent position to assess and act on the individual patient's reasons for returning medication and to assist in the safe disposal of unwanted drugs.…”

Section: 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Many studies state that people generally disposed of medication inappropriately by flushing them down the toilet/sink or discarding them in the garbage, these practices have hazardous consequences to the environment resulting in polluting the water, causing harm to aquatic life and detrimental effects on the soil for agriculture. [5][6][7] It is established fact that most municipal wastewater treatments systems cannot remove drugs from the wastewater. 8 Particularly for Pakistan there are very few water treatment facilities, only 30% of sewerage water is treated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medication Disposal; Household Practices in Karachi, Pakistan. Need for a Medication Take-Back Program

Husain¹,

Farooq²,

Khan³

et al. 2017

TPMJ

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ABSTRACT… Introduction: Due to irresponsible and unsafe methods of drug disposal employed by consumers pharmaceutical waste enters the ecosystem, ultimately having a detrimental effect on both human health and environment. Objectives: The purpose of the study is to measure attitude and practice of local community in Karachi, Pakistan regarding safe disposal of unwanted medicines and assess willingness of participants to take part in a medicationtake-back program. Study Design: A two-phase observational study was conducted using convenience sampling. Period: January to February, 2016. Methodology: In Phase I (n = 200) students enrolled in various health sciences institutions in the study were asked to take part in the survey. In Phase II(n = 300) household consumers were contacted by telephone and social media. Results: Participants (response rate 84.4%) were given a questionnaire to explore their attitudes towards medicine disposal. More than half of the consumers surveyed reported storing unused/expired medications in their homes, and majority threw away unwanted medicine in the garbage. The most common reason was unawareness of expiry date (32.7%). Only 12.32% reported returning medication to a pharmacy for disposal. Majority of the consumers had never received advice about medication disposal by a health care provider but were aware of the possible negative consequences and were willing to participate in national pharmacy take-back programs if implemented by the government. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that effective communication and established protocols will promote appropriate disposal practices. Public services in Pakistan, and especially pharmacies, must play a more proactive role in this regard.

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Section: 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medication Disposal; Household Practices in Karachi, Pakistan. Need for a Medication Take-Back Program

Husain¹,

Farooq²,

Khan³

et al. 2017

TPMJ

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“…On the other hand, advertising occupies a crucial position in promoting the quantity of collected used products [33]. It is because better collection efficiency required end-users' consciousness [34] and advertising can raise public awareness about the environment by highlighting the environmental risk associated with inappropriately disposed of Ums [35]. However, few articles have investigated the role of advertising in the RSCs for UMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it shows that inequalities (35) and (36) specify an area between two parallel lines. Every combination (p d , t) in this region presents a feasible solution to the bargaining problem.…”

Section: Bargaining Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Game Theoretic Analysis of Pricing and Cooperative Advertising in a Reverse Supply Chain for Unwanted Medications in Households

2017

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Improper disposal of household unwanted medications (UMs) is an emergency problem around the world that adversely affects the sustainability of the environment and human's health. However, the current disposal practices, mainly based on advertising and collecting status, are unsatisfactory in most countries and regions. Thus, some scholars proposed an alternative disposal practice that is to provide incentives to customers. This study aims to compare a Single Model (advertising only) with a Joint Model (advertising with take-back pricing) in a two-echelon reverse supply chain (RSC) that is composed of one disposer and one collector. In each model, four games (non-cooperative, collector as the Stackelberg leader, disposer as the Stackelberg leader, and cooperative) were established in order to identify the optimal pricing and advertising strategies for both members. The results of the study indicate that there is a Pareto dominant range for Joint Model compared to Single Model, whereas Single Model has no Pareto improvement in any games. Furthermore, in non-cooperative games of Joint Model, it is better to implement the leader-follower structure rather than simultaneous movement structure. Additionally, it is verified that the cooperative game is feasible, which leads to the cooperation between the disposer and the collector, and the extra profit from the cooperation can be shared based on the Nash bargaining game. However, in Single Model, it is better for the disposer to act as a channel leader and the collector figures the follower.

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“…The beta-blocking drugs such as propanolol found to cause a significant decrease in egg production in Medaka fish [13]. Blood testosterone levels in fish were decreased in Gemfibrozil (cholesterol reducers) exposed fish species [14]. Many of pharmaceutical substances were detected in the liver and blood of aquatic wildlife at μg per kg levels which is similar to humans and also shown to affect swimming ability of the mollusks [13].…”

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confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutical Substances in India are a Point of Great Concern?

Kurunthachalam¹

2012

Hydrol Current Res

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Europe, India has a third largest pharmaceutical industry in the world and its turnover rate is expected to touch 74 billion US$ per year by 2020 [2]. Consequently, India can be considered "is the country of great concern" in terms of pharmaceutical substances related issues. Because pharmaceutical substances are wide array of complex chemical formulations and are very synthetic in nature and tend to react within the environment. The major environmental pharmaceutical substances are; antibiotics (e.g

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Disposal practices for unused medications around the world

Cited by 292 publications

References 36 publications

Medication Disposal; Household Practices in Karachi, Pakistan. Need for a Medication Take-Back Program

Medication Disposal; Household Practices in Karachi, Pakistan. Need for a Medication Take-Back Program

Game Theoretic Analysis of Pricing and Cooperative Advertising in a Reverse Supply Chain for Unwanted Medications in Households

Pharmaceutical Substances in India are a Point of Great Concern?

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