Disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin following intravenous administration of enrofloxacin in goats

Comparative Bioequivalence Study of Three Formulations of Enrofloxacin in Sheep

“…The t max achieved for all formulations were not agree with those reported by [15] for desert sheep and Nubian goats, 1.96 and 1.85 h, respectively, and higher than that reported by [30] for goats, 0.8 h. Clinical efficacy of enrofloxacin is more dependant upon reaching a high C max value than upon its time duration above a minimal inhibitory concentration [11,31,32]. In this respect, similar pharmaceutical preparations of enrofloxacin seeking approval to enter the market should demonstrate their ability to achieve C max values equivalent to that of the original preparation.…”

“…This finding was previously reported in rabbits [29], but it differs from that reported by [15,30] in sheep and goats.…”

“…The maximum serum concentrations (C max ) were 2.45, 2.83 and 3.12 μg ml -1 being achieved at 1.41, 1.15 and 1.26 h (t max ) for Baytril, Mucotryl and Mucotryl without bromhexine, respectively. The C max obtained in the present study were higher than those reported by [15] in desert sheep and Nubian goats, 1.29 and 1.33 μg ml -1 , respectively, and higher than reported by [30] and [13] for goats and pigs 1.13, 1.17 μg ml -1 , respectively and higher than those reported in sheep following the same intramuscular dose of enrofloxacin [16] following intramuscular administration of enrofloxacin in a single dose of 2.5 mg kg -1 , and [7] reported 2.80 μg ml -1 in goats given the same im dose of the drug, which is similar to that obtained for Mucotryl, while higher than that obtained for Baytril and lower than that obtained for Mucotryl without bromhexine. The difference in the dose rate in these studies may contribute to the differences in the C max .…”

Comparative pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailabilities of two enrofloxacin generic preparations after single intracrop bolus administrations to broiler chickens

“…(Altreuther 1987); and for the treatment of respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys (Anderson et al 2003). After administration, ENRO is partly deethylated to ciprofloxacin in vivo, which is also pharmacologically active and is employed in human medicine (Rao et al 2002). Although FDA withdrew the approval for ENRO for the purpose of treating bacterial infections in poultry because of scientific data that showed that the use of ENRO in poultry caused resistance to Campylobacter, a bacterium that causes foodborne illness (FDA 2005).…”

Detection of Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin Using Gold Nanoparticles and Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

“…3 Ciprofloxacin, a major metabolite of enrofloxacin, produced by deethylation of enrofloxacin, has been the most widely used antibacterial agent for both humans and animals since its introduction for clinical use in 1987. 4,5 These two FQs are routinely prescribed for animals to prevent veterinary diseases; however, their multiple and widespread use could be responsible for resistance by such pathogens as Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli, and residues in food of animal origin or farm wastes present potential risks to consumers. [6][7][8] A number of countries have therefore regulated the use of these two FQs for animal bred for food production; for example, the European Union and the United States have set maximum residue limits (MRLs) in edible tissues, milk, and eggs, and the use of these two drugs is restricted for laying hens.…”