Disposition of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP), a submarine atmosphere contaminant, in male Sprague–Dawley rats

Still, Kenneth R.; Jung, Anne E.; Ritchie, Glenn D.; Jederberg, Warren W.; Wilfong, Erin R.; Briggs, G. Bruce; Arfsten, Darryl P.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2004.08.009

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…While these collective data are consistent with limited percutaneous absorption of DBNP following dermal human skin exposure, the possible systemic absorption of DBNP and redistribution to other systemic organs cannot be discounted given the unaccountability of ~15% of the applied dose in the mass balance study without the protective guard, the lack of systemic organ evaluation and the recent finding that oral administration of DBNP in rats produced significantly elevated DBNP concentrations in fat >> liver > kidney > heart > lung 144 h after dosing (Still et al, 2005).…”

Section: Percent Of Applied Dose In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Quadruplicate solutions of DBNP (15 mg ml −1 ) were prepared in 1 ml of corn oil by saturating the vehicle with the analyte and allowing equilibration between the solid analyte and liquid vehicle at ambient temperature over 24 h. Corn oil was chosen as the delivery vehicle due to DBNP solubility, its relative viscosity similarity with submarine turbine hydraulic fluid, and its use in previous animal studies (Still et al, 2005;MacMahon et al, 1999). The solutions were subsequently centrifuged, the liquid phase containing the soluble fraction of DBNP removed and diluted 20 fold with tetrahydrofuran, vortexed for 2 min, then diluted again 20 fold with extraction solution (500 ng ml −1 internal standard in acetonitrile), vortexed for 2 min and injected onto the HPLC for quantification of DBNP.…”

Section: Preparation Of Dbnp Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, DBNP would be exhausted in an oil mist to the atmosphere, but in the enclosed environment of a submarine it is distributed throughout the boat via the ventilation system resulting in surface yellowing of metal, textiles, plastics and human skin with dermal exposure (Alexander et al, 2001). DBNP is known to uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (Still et al, 2005), and therefore warrants further investigation into potential dermal and systemic toxicities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disposition and pharmacokinetics of a lubricant contaminant, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl 4‐nitrophenol, in grafted human skin

Pershing¹,

Nelson²,

Corlett³

et al. 2006

J of Applied Toxicology

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Disposition and uptake/elimination profiles of topical 2,6-di-t-butyl, 4-nitrophenol (DBNP), the nitrated metabolite of an antioxidant additive of lubricant and hydraulic fluids was quantified in human skin grafted on athymic mice after a single topical 75 microg dose in corn oil. DBNP was quantified throughout the stratum corneum (SC), epidermis (E) and dermis (D) in punch biopsies collected from treated skin 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after application. SC samples were harvested from the treated skin with 20 adhesive discs. E and D were generated from the biopsy using a manual sectioning method. Detectable DBNP concentrations were measured in all skin compartments at all time points investigated. The Cmax of DBNP in SC was 1663 +/- 602 microg cm(-3), and approximately 30 and approximately 300 fold greater than the Cmax for E and D, respectively. Tmax occurred at 1.0, 0.5 and 1.0 in the SC, E and D, respectively. Over a 24 h interval (AUC0-24 h) there was 52 and 520 fold more DBNP in the SC than E and D, respectively. The elimination half-life of DBNP was 11 h from the SC and 9 h from both E and D. Thus, DBNP was quickly absorbed into the outermost layer of skin and established a steep concentration profile through human skin. The data are consistent with the vast majority of DBNP remaining on the surface (77%) or within human skin (15%) in vivo with only 0.2% of the DBNP dose quantified in the systemic blood circulation.

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Section: Percent Of Applied Dose In Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Preparation Of Dbnp Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disposition and pharmacokinetics of a lubricant contaminant, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl 4‐nitrophenol, in grafted human skin

Pershing¹,

Nelson²,

Corlett³

et al. 2006

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…4-NP has been found to interfere with the reproductive function of many animals [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Evidence for the interference of 4-NP due to hormone mimicry has been reported both in vivo and in vitro [ 37 , 38 ]. The focus of this study was to clarify toxicological pathways of 4-NP, as an ovarian toxicant, affecting the developmental abnormality of ovary and oviduct in chicken in vivo .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The widely used 4-NP is a potent endocrine disruptor, altering central nervous system regulation of the reproductive system in females [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Numerous studies both in experimental and wild animals suggest that 4-NP can alter normal endocrine and neuroendocrine levels [ 37 , 38 , 39 ]. For instance, exposure to 4-NP has been reported to damage normal gonadal development in Japanese quails [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse stimulation of 4-nonylphenol in abnormal reproductive organs of female chickens

et al. 2017

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4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is a known endocrine disrupting chemical and a persistent environmental contaminant. However, the 4-NP caused mechanism of reproductive toxicity still remains largely unknown in birds. In this study, female chickens (Hy-Line Variety White) were dosed via oral gavage in the early laying period with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg 4-NP/kg/d for 60 days. Food intake and weight increase were monitored in this organism to investigate chicken growth and development. Moreover, pathological changes of reproductive organs, serum hormone, and mRNA changes on the HPOA were detected. The results showed that gonad development and maturity were retarded in female chickens, and the circulating concentrations of sex hormones were disordered in 4-NP-treated chicken. In 4-NP exposed animals, the mRNA expressions of GnRH and PRLH in hypothalamus and FSH and LH in pituitary were significantly unregulated by 4-NP. In addition, expressions of FSHR and LHR were down-regulated in ovaries of the 4-NP-treatment group, while the levels of stAR, P450scc, P450arom, 3β-HSD, and 17β-HSD were up-regulated in ovaries. Furthermore, expression of ERα in the ovaries of chicken was up-regulated, however, no significant change was observed for ERβ expression. Our results suggest that granulosa cells were an important target and severely disturbed by 4-NP.

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Analytical applications of electron monochromator-mass spectrometry

Jensen

Voorhees

2013

Mass Spec Rev

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An electron monochromator (EM) produces an electron beam with a narrow energy distribution that can be utilized with mass spectrometry (MS). The history and development of the EM from an initial research design to a commercial model are reviewed along with MS research applications. An EM incorporated with a mass spectrometer showed significant improvement in sensitivity over traditional methods for negative-ion generation and selectivity for compounds with electrophilic character. Sensitivity of EM-MS has been shown to be 25 fg for hexachlorobenzene in positive-ion mode and 10 fg for nitrobenzene in negative-ion mode. Reports regarding the analysis of chlorinated compounds, explosives, pesticides, phthalates, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), antioxidants, and bacterial biomarkers are discussed. Additionally, theoretical methods to predict electron-capture properties are presented.

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Disposition of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP), a submarine atmosphere contaminant, in male Sprague–Dawley rats

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Disposition and pharmacokinetics of a lubricant contaminant, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl 4‐nitrophenol, in grafted human skin

Disposition and pharmacokinetics of a lubricant contaminant, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl 4‐nitrophenol, in grafted human skin

Adverse stimulation of 4-nonylphenol in abnormal reproductive organs of female chickens

Analytical applications of electron monochromator-mass spectrometry

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