“…Previous studies have empirically confirmed the significant effects of HC, SC, OC and financial capital on business performance in emerging markets (Al Mamun et al, 2018;Huang, 2016;Jordão et al, 2022;Jordão and de Almeida, 2017) and developed economies (Ju et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2020;Sardo et al, 2018). For instance, HC enhances performance by solving firms' problems (Jordão et al, 2022;Khan et al, 2021a;Liu et al, 2020;Sallah and Caesar, 2020), SC by building positive relationships (Jordão et al, 2020;Jordão and de Almeida, 2017;Li et al, 2021;Sardo et al, 2018), OC by raising the process value and promoting growth (Chege et al, 2020;Jordão et al, 2020;Jordão and de Almeida, 2017;Lau and Rowley, 2021;Sardo et al, 2018) and AFC by facilitating success and overall performance (Adeosun et al, 2021;Ju et al, 2019;Kee et al, 2019;Khan et al, 2021a). In addition, TR and PR significantly affect business performance.…”