Dissecting the Role of Promoters of Pathogen-sensitive Genes in Plant Defense

Abstract

: Plants inherently show resistance to pathogen attack but are susceptible to multiple bacteria, viruses, fungi, and phytoplasmas. Diseases as a result of such infection result in the deterioration of crop yield. Several pathogen-sensitive gene activities, promoters of such genes, associated transcription factors, and promoter elements responsible for crosstalk be- tween the defense signaling pathways are involved in plant resistance towards a pathogen. Still, only a handful of genes and their promoters related to plant resistance have been identified to date. Such pathogen-sensitive promoters are accountable for elevating the transcriptional activity of certain genes in response to infection. Also, a suitable promoter is a key to devis- ing successful crop improvement strategies as it ensures the optimum expression of the required transgene. The study of the promoters also helps in mining more details about the transcription factors controlling their activities and helps to unveil the involvement of new genes in the pathogen response. Therefore, the only way out to formulate new solutions is by analyzing the molecular aspects of these promoters in detail. In this review, we provided an overview of the promoter motifs and cis- regulatory elements having specific roles in pathogen attack response. To elaborate on the importance and get an adequate picture of the pathogen-sensitive promoter sequences, the key motifs and promoter elements were analyzed by PlantCare and interpreted with available literature. This systematic review intends to provide useful information for reconstructing the gene networks underlying the resistance of plants against pathogens.

Active and adaptive plasticity in a changing climate

“…Examples include modulation of meristem determinacy [61] and stomatal guard cell density [48]. Several works have similarly highlighted diverse molecular responses to pathogen attack (for reviews, see [62][63][64]). Viewed holistically, genetic control of trait plasticity is clearly complex (see, e.g., [65])…”

Identification and Expression Analysis of the Solanum tuberosum StATG8 Family Associated with the WRKY Transcription Factor

“…Regulatory elements corresponding to methyl-jasmonic acid (MeJA)-responsiveness such as CGTCA/TGACG-motifs were also found [ 38 ]. Many of the StATG8 promoters exhibited wounding-response elements such as As-1, Wun, and WRE3 motifs [ 39 , 40 ]. It can be expected that the expression of StATG8 may also be affected by mechanical stress and immune responses [ 41 ].…”

The DNAJ gene family in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis): genome-wide identification, structural characterization, orthology based classification and expression analysis

“…and light (AT1-motif, Box 4, G-Box, GA-motif, GATA-motif, Gap-box, GT1-motif, TCT-motif, etc.) (Pla et al 1993;Seki et al 1997;Sakuma et al 2002;Narusaka et al 2003;Kumar et al 2009;Gao et al 2013;Feng et al 2016;Kaur et al 2017;Su et al 2018Su et al , 2021Baruah et al 2020;Huang et al 2021;Islam et al 2021). In addition, heat shock resposive elements (HSEs) were identified according to criteria of Kumar et al (2009) and Kaur et al (2017) and at PLACE (Higo et al 1999, <https://www.dna.affrc.…”