Disseminated granuloma annulare following erythema multiforme minor

Abraham, Zeev; Feuerman, Eleasar J.; Schafer, Ion; Feinmesser, Meora

doi:10.1046/j.1440-0960.2000.00423.x

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…332 Generalized granuloma annulare occurs most frequently in middle-aged to elderly adults. 301,[338][339][340] Lesions have occurred in the scars of herpes zoster, localized or generalized, 341-346 in a saphenectomy scar, 347 in a Becker's nevus, 348 and at the sites of tuberculin skin tests. 333 Patients with the generalized form of the disease show a significantly higher frequency of HLA-BW35 compared with controls and with those who have the localized form of the disease.…”

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The granulomatous reaction pattern

Weedon

2010

Weedon's Skin Pathology

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Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The granulomatous reaction pattern

Weedon

2010

Weedon's Skin Pathology

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“…already included some cases of healed herpes simplex, varicella or phlebitis. Subsequently, the designation ‘isotopic response’ was used to describe many other triggering factors such as healed cutaneous leishmaniasis or tinea or erythema multiforme . According to Camargo et al ., ‘ the differences between Koebner phenomenon and Wolf phenomenon are unclear’.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Koebner's sheep in Wolf's clothing: does the isotopic response exist as a distinct phenomenon?

Happle

Kluger

2017

Acad Dermatol Venereol

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Until 1995, a case of psoriasis developing within the dermatome of a healed herpes zoster was taken as a Koebner phenomenon. In this year, however, the term 'isotopic response' was introduced by Wolf et al. to describe 'the occurrence of a new skin disorder at the site of another, unrelated and already healed skin disease', thus appearing 'on apparently unaffected and healthy skin'. Initially, the term was mainly related to herpes zoster, but today the name 'Wolf's isotopic response' is used to include a plethora of other triggering factors such as healed cutaneous leishmaniasis, tinea or varicella. For obvious reasons, such triggering factors cannot be taken as examples of 'unaffected and healthy skin'. Notably, the authors themselves have categorized the dermatome of a healed herpes zoster as a 'vulnerable area'. In a recent commentary, Wolf et al. have expanded the definition of healed skin diseases triggering an 'isotopic response'. They now included 'scars, pigment changes, color changes or various other minimal changes by the first disease'. Hence, there is no clear-cut criterion to distinguish the isotopic response from a Koebner reaction. Wolf et al. even argue that, if the triggered disorder precedes the appearance of generalized skin lesions, then it is not a Koebner reaction but 'Wolf's isotopic response'. In our view, such definition is unacceptable. All reactions of this kind represent examples of a Koebner phenomenon. Accordingly, the 'isotopic response' should today be taken as a historical error.

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“…Disseminated granuloma annulare has been reported with arthritis, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, connective tissue disease, and hematolymphoid malignancies, including Hodgkin's disease and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (Table 1). 1–11 It is common in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Immunosuppression consequent to the human immunodeficiency virus may drive the inflammatory response of localized and disseminated granuloma annulares 9…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%