Disseminated Unicellular Green Algal Infection in Two Sheep in India

Kaplan, William E.; Fw, Chandler; Choudary, C.; Pk, Ramachandran

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.405

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Infections in domestic (sheep and cattle) and wild (beaver, gazelle, and camel) animals range from lymph node and deep organ involvement to cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, presumably related to exposure to water containing the organism (34,44,50,81,87). Fresh lesions in liver, lymph nodes, and subcutaneous tissue are green in color on gross examination, and smears reveal organisms that contain green refractile granules (chloroplasts) (14,83).…”

Section: Unusual Pseudofungal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual Fungal and Pseudofungal Infections of Humans

Pfaller

Diekema²

2005

J Clin Microbiol

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Section: Unusual Pseudofungal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual Fungal and Pseudofungal Infections of Humans

Pfaller

Diekema²

2005

J Clin Microbiol

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“…18,22 Collectively, lymph nodes, liver, lung, skin, and intestines were involved. 3,8,9,12,16,18,19,22 To the author's knowledge, chlorellosis has not been reported in dogs before and never as a cause of dysfunction of the central nervous system.…”

Section: Confirmatory Isolation Was Not Attemptedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…infections have been reported rarely in various herbivorous species, fish, and a human. 3,[7][8][9]16,18,19,22 Many animal cases were incidentally detected during meat inspection at abattoirs. 18,22 Collectively, lymph nodes, liver, lung, skin, and intestines were involved.…”

Section: Confirmatory Isolation Was Not Attemptedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lymph nodes, lung, and liver have been target organs of infection in sheep and cattle. 3,9,16,18,22 The primary portal of entry in cases of disseminated chlorellosis is often thought to be the gastrointestinal tract. 12,16,22 A single portion of jejunum obtained from the dog of this report was not affected; it is possible that additional sections may have revealed algae.…”

Section: Confirmatory Isolation Was Not Attemptedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence of heavy environmental exposure is also frequently present. 9,12,16 Both Chlorella and Prototheca are ubiquitous, and Prototheca spp. have been isolated from diverse environmental sources, including tree sap, fresh and marine water, potato skins, fingernails, sludges, and animal feces.…”

Section: Confirmatory Isolation Was Not Attemptedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case Reports: Disseminated Chlorellosis in a Dog

2009

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Abstract. An adult dog with ataxia and a lingual mass, previously diagnosed as protothecosis, was euthanized. At the postmortem examination, the lingual mass, regions of the lungs and hilar lymph nodes, liver, mesenteric and sublumbar lymph nodes, and spinal meninges had pronounced green discoloration. Histologically, pyogranulomatous inflammation and algal organisms were found in the tongue, spinal meninges, hilar and mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and lung. The algae had cell walls positive for periodic acid-Schiff and cytoplasmic granules. Ultrastructurally, the algae had a well-defined cell wall, stacks of grana and thylakoid membrane, and dense bodies, typical of starch granules. The organisms were identified as Chlorella, a green alga, based on the results of histochemistical and electron microscopic examination. To the author's knowledge this is the first report of disseminated Chlorella infection and the first report in a companion animal.Key words: Algae; canine diseases; Chlorella; dogs; meningitis.A 9-year-old neutered female Golden Retriever dog developed progressive paraparesis and hind-limb ataxia of 1 week's duration. Six months previously, a mass on the tongue had been diagnosed as granulomatous glossitis with algal organisms, suspected to be Prototheca. The dog also had recent weight loss, dysuria, halitosis, and cough, with rapid deterioration during the week preceding this clinical episode.A similar transient hind-limb ataxia that had developed 3.5 years previously was attributed to coccidioidomycosis based on a positive serum titer by agar gel immunodiffusion. Thereafter, fluconazole had been administered through the recent illness. Nevertheless, the dog remained seropositive for Coccidioides immitis, with a titer of 1 : 16 at 3 months before presentation. Serum biochemical abnormalities included hypoalbuminemia (2.4 g/dl; reference range, 2.5-4.0 g/dl) and hyperglobulinemia (4.6 g/dl; reference range, 2.1-4.5 g/dL).On physical examination, the dog was found to be thin with a crouched hind limb posture, requiring assistance to walk. It exhibited discomfort in response to palpation over the lumbosacral spine. The tail was flaccid and hypesthetic; anal tone was reduced; and the urinary bladder was distended with urine, but easily expressed. An irregularly shaped, raised, green mass was in the dorsal aspect of the base of the tongue.Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an extradural mass surrounded and compressed the L4-L6 segments of the spinal cord. The mass was isointense to hyperintense on T2-weighted images, with heterogeneous enhancement of extradural tissue by gadoliniumenhanced postcontrast T1-weighted imaging. Similar enhancement occurred in the adjacent lumbar epaxial musculature and in the lamina and pedicle of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae.The dog was treated with fluconazole, cephalexin, and prednisone. Although its condition improved slightly over the next 4 days, the owner requested euthanasia 7 days after presentation. Grossly, an irregularly shaped, dark green, ulcera...

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Protothecosis

Pore

2010

Topley &Amp; Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections

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Disseminated Unicellular Green Algal Infection in Two Sheep in India

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Unusual Fungal and Pseudofungal Infections of Humans

Unusual Fungal and Pseudofungal Infections of Humans

Case Reports: Disseminated Chlorellosis in a Dog

Protothecosis

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