Dissemination of Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria across Geographic Borders

Okeke, Iruka N.; Edelman, Robert

doi:10.1086/321877

Cited by 95 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…[14][15][16] Antimicrobial resistance is a global issue. 17 Resistance genes spread throughout the world, as shown by the global spread of CTX-M extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), NDM-1, or Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producing Enterobacteriaceae. [18][19][20] Travellers might acquire resistant bacteria that can be transmitted in their home countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20][21][22] Transmission between developed and developing countries is presumably two-way and is rarely identified in developing countries because of inadequate surveillance. 17,19,20 Antimicrobials, when appropriately targeted to a susceptible pathogen, improve outcomes for patients. 23 However, use and overuse at the population level is associated with the emergence of bacterial resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review

Morgan

Okeke

Laxminarayan

et al. 2011

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

783

670

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In much of the world antimicrobial drugs are sold without prescription or oversight by health-care professionals. The scale and effect of this practice is unknown. We systematically reviewed published works about non-prescription antimicrobials from 1970-2009, identifying 117 relevant articles. 35 community surveys from five continents showed that non-prescription use occurred worldwide and accounted for 19-100% of antimicrobial use outside of northern Europe and North America. Safety issues associated with non-prescription use included adverse drug reactions and masking of underlying infectious processes. Non-prescription use was common for non-bacterial disease, and antituberculosis drugs were available in many areas. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are common in communities with frequent non-prescription use. In a few settings, control efforts that included regulation decreased antimicrobial use and resistance. Non-prescription antimicrobial and antituberculosis use is common outside of North America and northern Europe and must be accounted for in public health efforts to reduce antimicrobial resistance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review

Morgan

Okeke

Laxminarayan

et al. 2011

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

783

670

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…have for long been reported as leading causes of food-borne infections [2]. In many settings, a further danger lies in the development of drug resistance in these organisms [2], primarily driven by non-prudent overuse of antiinfectives, presenting a serious threat to populations not only in resource-limited countries but globally due to increasing international travel and commercial transport where pathogens spread rapidly [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Plasmid Profiles of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates from Humans and Foods of Animal Origin in Uganda

Bosco

Kaddu-Mulindwa

Asiimwe

2012

AID

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Salmonella organisms are among the most common causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and food animals are important reservoirs of these bacteria. A further danger lies in the development of drug resistance in these organisms, primarily driven by non-prudent overuse of antiinfectives. The current study compared the plasmid profiles and drug susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from man and foods of animal origin in Uganda. A total of 92 Salmonella isolates (58 from man and 34 from foods of animal origin) were analyzed. Identification was done by using biochemical tests; plasmid profiling by agarose gel electrophoresis while susceptibility testing to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and tetracycline were done by the Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method. Among the human isolates, 57/58 (98.3%, 95% CI, 91.8% -99.9%) were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin compared to 32/34 (94.1%, 95% CI, 81.9% -91%) of animal-derived isolates. On the other hand, 48/58 (82.7%, 95% CI, 71.4% -91%) human-derived isolates were resistant to Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole compared to 29/34(85.3%) of the animal-derived isolates. Fifty four percent (n = 50) of the all the isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics whereas only 2.2% (n = 2) were susceptible to all the seven drugs tested. Most worrying, however, was the fact that only 45% percent of the isolates were sensitive to all the three drugs (chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin) commonly used in the treatment of salmonellosis in this setting. The risk of ampicillin resistance was three times more likely to occur in animal-derived as compared to human-derived isolates (Odds Ratio = 2.705, 95% CI, 1.3 -5.8) as was that to nalidixic acid (Odds Ratio = 2.895, 95% CI, 1.17 -7.2). Plasmid profile analysis showed eight clusters comprising of 68.7% (46/67) of the isolates. In five of the eight clusters, there were both animal and human-derived isolates. Resistant strains of Salmonella are common in this setting and meat/meat products are the commonest source of infection. A majority of the isolates are multi-drug resistant, and there is evidence of cross-species transmission of plasmids, and possibly drug resistance, between animals and humans.

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“…Therefore, farms and hospitals should be considered as places of increased risk. Due to the effect of 'global village' and increased number of travelers, the epidemiology of antibioticresistance can get out of control by dissemination across borders [31,32].…”

Section: Reasons For Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

IgYs as an Alternative Approach to Antibiotics

Zajac¹,

Schubert²,

Oelkrug³

2017

J Antimicrob Agents

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Misuse and overdose of antibiotics in agriculture and human disease lead to a worldwide problem of resistant bacteria. In 2012, 10,000 metric tons of antibiotics in the US and 8,000 in Europe were used in animals for the food industry. Resistance can be transferred within and between bacteria species, but also spread easily over to humans by contact with contaminated food, soil or infected animals and patients. To find a successful therapy against resistant microbes is extremely difficult due to the high cost of developing next generation antibiotics and its production, but also because of bacteria ability of developing new mechanisms against these drugs. Therefore, technology based on avian antibodies IgYs can be a strong alternative for antibiotic therapy. Advantages of IgYs include: low costs, effective and non-harmful method of production. But the strongest argument is that they cannot be affected by bacterial resistance. IgYs can be used not only as a preventative or therapeutic but also as growth promoters in food production. In this review we present the reasons for antibiotic resistance in bacteria and its consequences in the field of farming and human medicine, including molecular biology mechanisms and statistics. Furthermore we introduce IgYs as a promising and potential candidate for the replacement of antibiotics in the near future.

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Dissemination of Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria across Geographic Borders

Cited by 95 publications

References 74 publications

Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review

Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Plasmid Profiles of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates from Humans and Foods of Animal Origin in Uganda

IgYs as an Alternative Approach to Antibiotics

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Dissemination of Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria across Geographic Borders

Cited by 95 publications

References 74 publications

Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review

Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Plasmid Profiles of &lt;i&gt;Salmonella&lt;/i&gt; Isolates from Humans and Foods of Animal Origin in Uganda

IgYs as an Alternative Approach to Antibiotics

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Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Plasmid Profiles of <i>Salmonella</i> Isolates from Humans and Foods of Animal Origin in Uganda