Dissemination of Brain Emboli following Captive Bolt Stunning of Sheep: Capacity for Entry into the Systemic Arterial Circulation

Coore, RR; Love, S.; McKinstry, J.L.; Weaver, HR; Phillips, AC; Hillman, T; Hiles, MJ; Shand, Alan G.; Helps, CR; Anil, M.H.

doi:10.4315/0362-028x-67.5.1050

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Many times, when using a captive bolt for slaughter, fragments of bone can be found within brain tissue. This can be attributed to the heavy pressure exerted by the captive bolt at the time of stunning (Coore et al 2004). This heavy pressure can send emboli of brain tissue into the lungs and other organs such as liver (Garland et al 1996).…”

Section: Artifacts Due To the Methods Of Slaughtermentioning

confidence: 99%

Gross and histopathological pitfalls found in the examination of 3,338 cattle brains submitted to the BSE surveillance program in Brazil

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study stems from the findings during the gross and histopathological exam of 3,338 cattle brains as part of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) active surveillance program of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply from 2001 to 2005. The work was carried out in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria which at the time (2001-2007) was the national reference laboratory for the diagnosis of BSE and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Both gross and histopathological aspects are described. Several gross aspects were annotated: anatomic normal structures not commonly recognized (non-lesions), lesions of no clinical significance, postmortem changes and artifacts; all these can amount to important pitfalls that distract the pathologist during the routine gross examination of the central nervous system (CNS). Accordingly, equivalent pitfalls were described in the histological examination. Non-lesions observed were the pineal body, embryo remnants such as the external germinal layer of the cerebellum, subependymal plates, and clusters of neuroblasts in the basal ganglia; or circumventricular structures such as area postrema, subcomisural organ, and melanosis in the leptomeninges and vessel walls. Lesions with little or no clinical importance included age-related changes as lipofuscin, hemosiderin, mineralization and hyalinization of vessel walls within the brain and meninges. Corpora amylacea and corpora arenacea were detected respectively in astrocyte processes and the pineal body. Cytoplasmic neuronal vacuolization was observed in the red nucleus and habenular nucleus. Sarcocystis sp. without a correspondent inflammatory reaction was rarely observed. Included within findings with no clinical manifestation were axonal spheroids and perivascular mononuclear cuffings. Changes in the CNS due to killing, sampling and fixation methods can obscure or distract from the more critical lesions. The ones related to the process of killing included hemorrhages caused in cattle destroyed by a captive bolt. Artifacts related to sampling and handling of CNS tissue consisted of inclusion of bone sand in the neural tissue from sawing the calvarium; dark neurons produced by excessive handling of the brain, and micro-organisms that contaminated the tissues during sampling or histological processing. Postmortem autolytic or putrefactive changes observed included vacuolar changes in the myelin sheath, clear halos surrounding neurons and oligodendrocytes, clusters of putrefaction bacilli within vessels or dispersed throughout the brain tissue associated or not to clear halos. One interesting, and somewhat frequent, postmortem autolytic change found in the bovine brain was the partial dissolution of the granule cell layer (GCL) of the cerebellum, also referred to as conglutination of the GCL or as the French denomination “état glace”. Due to the shortage of comprehensive publications in the subject, this review is intended to address the main pitfalls that can be observed in the brain of cattle hoping to help other pathologists avoiding misinterpret them.

show abstract

Section: Artifacts Due To the Methods Of Slaughtermentioning

confidence: 99%

Gross and histopathological pitfalls found in the examination of 3,338 cattle brains submitted to the BSE surveillance program in Brazil

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Drops and aerosols will most likely contaminate the hide surrounding the opening of the head but can also fall on other parts of the carcase (Prendergast et al, 2003;EFSA, 2006b). Stunning-related dissemination of CNS tissue via entry into the bloodstream has also been described (Anil et al, 2002;Coore et al, 2004) suggesting that contamination of hide vessels could be possible. Captive bolts that are not regularly cleaned can contaminate other animals (FAO, 2007).…”

Section: Cross-contamination Of Raw Materials During Slaughtermentioning

confidence: 97%

Potential BSE risk posed by the use of ruminant collagen and gelatine in feed for non‐ruminant farmed animals

Koutsoumanis¹,

Allende²,

Bolton³

et al. 2020

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

EFSA was requested to estimate the cattle bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) risk (C‐, L‐ and H‐ BSE ) posed by ruminant collagen and gelatine produced from raw material fit for human consumption, or from material classified as Category 3 animal by‐products ( ABP ), to be used in feed intended for non‐ruminant animals, including aquaculture animals. Three risk pathways ( RP ) were identified by which cattle could be exposed to ruminant feed cross‐contaminated with ruminant collagen or gelatine: 1) recycled former foodstuffs produced in accordance with Regulation ( EC ) No 853/2004 ( RP 1), 2) technological or nutritional additives or 3) compound feed, produced either in accordance with Regulation ( EC ) No 853/2004 ( RP 2a) or Regulation ( EU ) No 142/2011 ( RP 2b). A probabilistic model was developed to estimate the BSE infectivity load measured in cattle oral ID 50 (Co ID 50 )/kg, in the gelatine produced from the bones and hide of one infected animal older than 30 months with clinical BSE (worst‐case scenario). The amount of BSE infectivity (50th percentile estimate) in a member state ( MS ) with negligible risk status was 7.6 × 10 –2 Co ID 50 /kg, and 3.1 × 10 –4 Co ID 50 /kg in a MS with controlled risk status. The assessment considered the potential contamination pathways and the model results (including uncertainties) regarding the current epidemiological situation in the EU and current statutory controls. Given the estimated amount of BSE infectivity to which cattle would be exposed in a single year, and even if all the estimated undetected BSE cases in the EU were used for the production of collagen or gelatine (either using raw materials fit for human consumption or Category 3 ABP raw materials), it was concluded that the probability that no new case of BSE in the cattle population would be generated through any of the three RP is 99–100% (almost certain).

show abstract

“…The effectiveness of any mechanical stunning device is dependent on the selection of the proper anatomical site and directional aim of the device. Coore et al (2004) in a study found that 4% of the venous blood sample of cattle (95% confidence interval, 1.6% to 9.8%) stunned using a penetrative captive bolt stunner and from 2% (95% confidence interval, 0.6% to 7%) of cattle stunned using a nonpenetrating captive bolt stunner showed brain tissue fragments or raised levels of a maker protein for brain tissue in the blood. Lambooij et al (1999) concluded experimentally that a modified captive bolt stunning method using air pressure had benefits over electrical water bath stunning for broilers.…”

Section: Preslaughter Stunningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pros and cons of different stunning methods from a Halal perspective: a review

Riaz

Irshad

Riaz

et al. 2021

Translational Animal Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There has always been a debate about the acceptability of stunning methods for preparing Halal slaughtered meat. Throughout the last few decades, stunning methods have become acceptable for Halal slaughtering due to an increasing majority of Muslim countries issuing Fatwas (religious rulings) that approve of stunning methods for the Halal slaughtering of food animals. With an increasing Muslim population worldwide, Halal meat provision is important for Muslims both economically and ethically. Moreover, there have been concerns regarding traditional Halal slaughter without the use of stunning from the standpoint of the animal’s welfare. This article reviews the different stunning methods available and the associated processing practices, addressing their pros and cons in the commercial production of Halal meat.

show abstract

Dissemination of Brain Emboli following Captive Bolt Stunning of Sheep: Capacity for Entry into the Systemic Arterial Circulation

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Gross and histopathological pitfalls found in the examination of 3,338 cattle brains submitted to the BSE surveillance program in Brazil

Gross and histopathological pitfalls found in the examination of 3,338 cattle brains submitted to the BSE surveillance program in Brazil

Potential BSE risk posed by the use of ruminant collagen and gelatine in feed for non‐ruminant farmed animals

Pros and cons of different stunning methods from a Halal perspective: a review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About