Dissemination of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes (
 sul1
 ,
 sul2
 , and
 sul3
 ) in Portuguese
 Salmonella enterica
 Strains and Relation with Integrons

Antunes, Patrı́cia; Machado, Jorge; Sousa, João Carlos; Peixe, Luı́sa

doi:10.1128/aac.49.2.836-839.2005

Cited by 253 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Three percent of the isolates had no detectable sul gene, 12.5% possessed two genes, and two isolates carried three genes (Table 1). Similar (2,3,14,19) or higher (4,11,17) values for multiple genes have been reported by others. The overall higher prevalence of sul1 in Salmonella isolates and of sul2 and sul3 in E. coli isolates was in agreement with the results of previous studies (2-4, 11, 12, 14, 21).…”

supporting

confidence: 62%

“…Although these isolates were not typed, previous results have shown that sul3 is present in both pathogenic and commensal porcine E. coli isolates (5) of at least 13 different serotypes (P. Boerlin and R. M. Travis, unpublished data). The sul3 gene has spread extensively across porcine E. coli populations in North America and Europe but remains uncommon in other major farm animal species and in Salmonella populations (Table 1) (2,13). It may require more time to spread to other populations.…”

Section: Ni Nimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes inEscherichia coliandSalmonellaIsolates from Swine and Chickens at Abattoirs in Ontario and Québec, Canada

Kozak

Pearl

Parkman

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Sulfonamide-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates from pigs and chickens in Ontario and Québec were screened for sul1, sul2, and sul3 by PCR. Each sul gene was distributed differently across populations, with a significant difference between distribution in commensal E. coli and Salmonella isolates and sul3 restricted mainly to porcine E. coli isolates.Resistance to sulfonamides is frequent in bacteria from farm animals (7,8,9,10) and is usually caused by the acquisition of the genes sul1, sul2, and sul3 (20,22). The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the distribution of these genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates in swine and chickens from two major provinces in Canada, (ii) to assess whether differences occur in the distribution of these genes among bacterial species found within two different animal host species, and (iii) to assess whether significant differences in the distribution of these genes are present between the commensal E. coli strains used as indicators for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and the zoonotic Salmonella pathogens found in the same ecological niche. In contrast to previous studies, a multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the data, control for confounding factors, and assess the interaction effect between animal and bacterial species in terms of the probability of an isolate carrying a specific sul gene. The distribution of sulfonamide resistance genes among sulfonamideresistant E. coli (393 isolates from chickens and 311 from swine) and Salmonella (13 isolates from chickens and 221 from swine) isolates was assessed. These isolates were collected by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) between 2003 and 2005 from ceca of apparently healthy animals at abattoirs in Ontario (n ϭ 435) and Québec (n ϭ 503). The methods used by CIPARS are presented in detail elsewhere (8-10). The isolates were screened with a previously published multiplex PCR for sul1, sul2, and sul3 (16). The sul1 and sul2 genes were found in E. coli and Salmonella isolates from both animal species. The sul3 gene was detected in both E. coli and Salmonella isolates from swine but only in E. coli isolates from chickens (Table 1). Three percent of the isolates had no detectable sul gene, 12.5% possessed two genes, and two isolates carried three genes (Table 1). Similar (2, 3, 14, 19) or higher (4, 11, 17) values for multiple genes have been reported by others. The overall higher prevalence of sul1 in Salmonella isolates and of sul2 and sul3 in E. coli isolates was in agreement with the results of previous studies (2-4, 11, 12, 14, 21).Three logistic regression models (Table 2)

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supporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Ni Nimentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes inEscherichia coliandSalmonellaIsolates from Swine and Chickens at Abattoirs in Ontario and Québec, Canada

Kozak

Pearl

Parkman

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In this study, the trimethoprim determinant dfr (A1) gene was haboured by 5 (35.7%) of the examined isolates. This rate of trimethoprim resistance gene acquisition is high, and may be due to selection resulting from frequent use of sulfonamide/trimethoprim combination (due to its broad-spectrum activity) in small animal medicine (Antunes et al 2005, Torkan et al 2015. This reason may also explain the 28.6% prevalence of sul(1) gene in the examined isolates.…”

Section: % a A D ( A 1 ) T E T ( A ) T E T ( B ) D F R ( A 1 ) Smentioning

confidence: 83%

Detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from diarrhoiec dogs in Iran

Torkan¹,

Bahadoranian²,

Khamesipour³

et al. 2016

Arch. med. vet.

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“…Previous investigations have screened for all three sul genes, but only Antunes et al (2), in an investigation of Salmonella enterica strains, found all three genes. One previous study screened for all three genes in environmental isolates and soil; Heuer and Smalla (13) screened silt and loamy sand soils, known to have lower sorbance properties for antibiotics (especially for tetracyclines and sulfonamides) than clay soils (8,10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Bacterial Isolates from Manured Agricultural Soils and Pig Slurry in the United Kingdom

Byrne-Bailey

Gaze

Kay³

et al. 2009

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

174

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The prevalences of three sulfonamide resistance genes, sul1, sul2, and sul3 and sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) resistance were determined in bacteria isolated from manured agricultural clay soils and slurry samples in the United Kingdom over a 2-year period. Slurry from tylosin-fed pigs amended with SCP and oxytetracycline was used for manuring. Isolates positive for sul genes were further screened for the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons. Phenotypic resistance to SCP was significantly higher in isolates from pig slurry and postapplication soil than in those from preapplication soil. Of 531 isolates, 23% carried sul1, 18% sul2, and 9% sul3 only. Two percent of isolates contained all three sul genes. Class 1 and class 2 integrons were identified in 5% and 11.7%, respectively, of sul-positive isolates. In previous reports, sul1 was linked to class 1 integrons, but in this study only 8% of sul1-positive isolates carried the intI1 gene. Sulfonamide-resistant pathogens, including Shigella flexneri, Aerococcus spp., and Acinetobacter baumannii, were identified in slurry-amended soil and soil leachate, suggesting a potential environmental reservoir. Sulfonamide resistance in Psychrobacter, Enterococcus, and Bacillus spp. is reported for the first time, and this study also provides the first description of the genotypes sul1, sul2, and sul3 outside the Enterobacteriaceae and in the soil environment.Since their introduction in the 1930s, sulfonamides have been widely used in clinical and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial and protozoal infections. They act as a structural analogue of -amino-benzoic acid and bind dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS), a catalytic enzyme in the folic acid biosynthesis pathway, resulting in the inhibition of dihydrofolic acid formation (26). Resistance is conferred by mutations in the DHPS gene (folP) (30) or from the acquisition of an alternative DHPS gene (sul) (18,20,29).The first of the three known alternative DHPS genes, sul1, is usually located on the 3Ј conserved region of a class 1 integron (25) and is frequently identified with this potentially mobile element in the slurry and soil environment (12,22,29). sul2 was first identified on RSF1010 in Escherichia coli and has been found on small nonconjugative resistance plasmids (20). The sul3 gene was identified during a study on sulfonamide resistance in pathogenic E. coli isolates from swine from Switzerland (18).The prevalence of each of the sulfonamide resistance genes varies among published studies, depending on environments and bacterial species sampled. The majority of reports relate to Enterobacteriaceae isolates, specifically E. coli and Salmonella spp.Previous investigations have screened for all three sul genes, but only Antunes et al. (2), in an investigation of Salmonella enterica strains, found all three genes. One previous study screened for all three genes in environmental isolates and soil; Heuer and Smalla (13) screened silt and loamy sand soils, known to have lower sorbance properties for antibiotics (especially for tet...

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Dissemination of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes ( sul1 , sul2 , and sul3 ) in Portuguese Salmonella enterica Strains and Relation with Integrons

Cited by 253 publications

References 19 publications

Distribution of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes inEscherichia coliandSalmonellaIsolates from Swine and Chickens at Abattoirs in Ontario and Québec, Canada

Distribution of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes inEscherichia coliandSalmonellaIsolates from Swine and Chickens at Abattoirs in Ontario and Québec, Canada

Detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from diarrhoiec dogs in Iran

Prevalence of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Bacterial Isolates from Manured Agricultural Soils and Pig Slurry in the United Kingdom

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