“…Extensive research and development efforts have been made to advance multi-material joining techniques, including fusion welding [ 4 , 5 ], ultrasonic welding [ 6 ], friction-based joining [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], mechanical fastening [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], adhesive bonding [ 11 , 16 ] and weld bonding (use of adhesive combined with other joining techniques) [ 11 , 17 ]. However, these techniques are not fully developed to ensure a reliable joining of Mg alloy and CFRC.…”