Dissipation and Distribution Behavior of Azoxystrobin, Carbendazim, and Difenoconazole in Pomegranate Fruits

Abstract

The dissipation behavior and degradation kinetics of azoxystrobin, carbendazim, and difenoconazole in pomegranate are reported. Twenty fruits/hectare (5 kg) were collected at random, ensuring sample-to-sample relative standard deviation (RSD) within 20-25%. Each fruit was cut into eight equal portions, and two diagonal pieces per fruit were drawn and combined to constitute the laboratory sample, resulting in RSDs <6% (n = 6). Crushed sample (15 g) was extracted with 10 mL of ethyl acetate (+ 10 g Na(2)SO(4)), cleaned by dispersive solid phase extraction on primary secondary amine (25 mg) and C(18) (25 mg), and measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was ≤0.0025 μg g(-1) for all the three fungicides, with calibration linearity in the concentration range of 0.001-0.025 μg mL(-1) (r(2) ≥ 0.999). The recoveries of each chemical were 75-110% at 0.0025, 0.005, and 0.010 μg g(-1) with intralaboratory Horwitz ratio <0.32 at 0.0025 μg g(-1). Variable matrix effects were recorded in different fruit parts viz rind, albedo, membrane, and arils, which could be correlated to their biochemical constituents as evidenced from accurate mass measurements on a Q-ToF LC-MS. The residues of carbendazim and difenoconazole were confined within the outer rind of pomegranate; however, azoxystrobin penetrated into the inner fruit parts. The dissipation of azoxystrobin, carbendazim, and difenoconazole followed first + first order kinetics at both standard and double doses, with preharvest intervals being 9, 60, and 26 days at standard dose. At double dose, the preharvest intervals extended to 20.5, 100, and 60 days, respectively.

Meptyldinocap and azoxystrobin residue behaviors in different ecosystems under open field conditions and distribution on processed cucumber

“…The method for analyzing dinocap and meptyldinocap in agricultural products is mainly extraction with organic solvent and then hydrolyzation to the corresponding hydrolyzate. The residual amount of the hydrolyzate is analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (LC–MS / MS) to calculate the residual amount of the parent . However, there are few studies on the residue dissipation of meptyldinocap in cucumber.…”

“…There is no relevant research about meptyldinocap residue changes in cucumber processing and there are few reports focusing on the residue changes and distributions of azoxystrobin during cucumber processing. Moreover, azoxystrobin, as a systemic fungicide, can move easily into the edible portion of the crops, which may pose a high risk to people due to its potential toxic properties. Azoxystrobin residue is persistent in various crops, such as pomegranate and tomato, and in the environment .…”

“…Moreover, azoxystrobin, as a systemic fungicide, can move easily into the edible portion of the crops, which may pose a high risk to people due to its potential toxic properties. Azoxystrobin residue is persistent in various crops, such as pomegranate and tomato, and in the environment . However, for a cucumber, the residue changes before and after processing are not clear.…”

Residue level and dissipation of carbendazim in/on pomegranate fruits and soil

“…It is therefore essential to generate information on the persistence of carbendazim residue on pomegranate. The information currently available on the residue dissipation of carbendazim on pomegranate is from a different agro-climatic zone (Utture et al 2011). Crop species and stage of application have direct impact on pesticide dissipation in addition to environmental conditions (Janaki et al 2013).…”

Dissipation and Residue of Azoxystrobin in Tomatoes and Soil Using Gas Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

“…These methods included high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector (DAD) [11], massspectrometry (MS) detector [12] and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) [13,14], gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector (ECD) [6,15], NPD detector [16], and MS detector [8,17]. Furthermore, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [4,18], the chemiluminescence (CL) method [19], and fluorescence methods [20] have been investigated for the determination of azoxystrobin.…”