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The reciprocal energy and enstrophy transfers between normal fluid and superfluid components dictate the overall dynamics of superfluid 4He including the generation, evolution and coupling of coherent structures, the distribution of energy among lengthscales, and the decay of turbulence. To better understand the essential ingredients of this interaction, we employ a numerical two-way model which self-consistently accounts for the back-reaction of the superfluid vortex lines onto the normal fluid. Here we focus on a prototypical laminar (non-turbulent) vortex configuration which is simple enough to clearly relate the geometry of the vortex line to energy injection and dissipation to/from the normal fluid: a Kelvin wave excitation on two vortex anti-vortex pairs evolving in (a) an initially quiescent normal fluid, and (b) an imposed counterflow. In (a), the superfluid injects energy and vorticity in the normal fluid. In (b), the superfluid gains energy from the normal fluid via the Donnelly–Glaberson instability.
The reciprocal energy and enstrophy transfers between normal fluid and superfluid components dictate the overall dynamics of superfluid 4He including the generation, evolution and coupling of coherent structures, the distribution of energy among lengthscales, and the decay of turbulence. To better understand the essential ingredients of this interaction, we employ a numerical two-way model which self-consistently accounts for the back-reaction of the superfluid vortex lines onto the normal fluid. Here we focus on a prototypical laminar (non-turbulent) vortex configuration which is simple enough to clearly relate the geometry of the vortex line to energy injection and dissipation to/from the normal fluid: a Kelvin wave excitation on two vortex anti-vortex pairs evolving in (a) an initially quiescent normal fluid, and (b) an imposed counterflow. In (a), the superfluid injects energy and vorticity in the normal fluid. In (b), the superfluid gains energy from the normal fluid via the Donnelly–Glaberson instability.
Turbulence under strong influence of rotation is described as an ensemble of interacting inertial waves across a wide range of length scales. In macroscopic quantum condensates, the quasiclassical turbulent dynamics at large scales is altered at small scales, where the quantization of vorticity is essential. The nature of this transition remains an unanswered question. Here we expand the concept of wave-driven turbulence to rotating quantum fluids where the spectrum of waves extends to microscopic scales as Kelvin waves on quantized vortices. We excite inertial waves at the largest scale by periodic modulation of the angular velocity and observe dissipation-independent transfer of energy to smaller scales and the eventual onset of the elusive Kelvin wave cascade at the lowest temperatures. We further find that energy is pumped to the system through a boundary layer distinct from the classical Ekman layer and support our observations with numerical simulations. Our experiments demonstrate a regime of turbulent motion in quantum fluids where the role of vortex reconnections can be neglected, thus stripping the transition between the classical and the quantum regimes of turbulence down to its constituent components.
A probability density or distribution function of turbulence has been thought to be symmetric due to the symmetry of the partial differential equations from the first principles. However, the experimental data have been shown otherwise by a so-called Taylor correlation function, and this is an unresolved issue. A recent study shows that this probability density function can be asymmetric analytically by introducing negative eigenvalues. Here, in this work, we show the mathematical basis for this asymmetry, although the partial differential equations follow the symmetry of the Lie groups. We also demonstrate a complete solution of partial differential equations, including the exponential terms and negative eigenvalues, which plays a vital part in transient phenomena. Our analysis shows that the asymmetry is from the partition of velocities of the same or opposing direction, not from the negative eigenvalues. Fundamentally, the loss of rotational symmetry is caused by the exponential terms for the transient solution, which we demonstrate by the derivation of the complete solution. The new correlation produces excellent agreement with the experimental data. The universality and limitations of the correlation function are discussed, and through the parameter study, the variations and statistical nature of the probability function are clarified. The asymmetry probability function should have wider applicability than the symmetric Gaussian distribution, which is the special case of the asymmetry probability function.
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