A number of particle models that are suitable for simulating multiphase fluid flow and biogeochemical processes have been developed during the last few decades. Here we discuss three of them: a microscopic model -molecular dynamics; a mesoscopic model -dissipative particle dynamics; and a macroscopic model -smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Particle methods are robust and versatile, and it is relatively easy to add additional physical, chemical and biological processes into particle codes. However, the computational efficiency of particle methods is low relative to continuum methods. Multiscale particle methods and hybrid (particle-particle and particle-continuum) methods are needed to improve computational efficiency and make effective use of emerging computational capabilities. These new methods are under development
IntroductionThe computational methods used to simulate single-and multi-phase fluid flow can be divided into two general classes: continuum methods and particle methods. Hybrid particle-continuum methods have also been developed, and some models, such as smoothed particle hydrodynamics and lattice Boltzmann models, can be considered to be either continuum or particle methods. Particle models that can be used to simulate single-and multi-phase fluid dynamics include lattice gas models [Frisch et al., 1986], Monte Carlo methods [Bird, 1994], vortex particle methods [Cottett and Koumoutsakos, 2000] and the fluid-particle model [Espanol, 1998]. Here we focus on a microscopic model -molecular dynamics; a mesoscopic model -dissipative particle dynamics; and a macroscopic model -smoothed particle hydrodynamics.