Dissociating familiarity from recollection in human recognition memory: Different rates of forgetting over short retention intervals

Yonelinas, Andrew P.; Levy, Benjamin J.

doi:10.3758/bf03196315

Cited by 102 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…Unlike aversive scenes, memory for fearful faces was not better than memory for neutral materials at various delays extending from 15 min to 2 wk following initial encoding. With respect to the phenomenological quality of memory retrieval, consistent with prior reports (Dewhurst and Parry 2000;Ochsner 2000;Kensinger and Corkin 2003) emotionally aversive scenes specifically enhanced the experience of remembering rather than familiarity (Yonelinas and Levy 2002); in contrast, fearful faces did not enhance either remember or familiar responses. Experiment 2 replicated the above pattern of findings in a mixed-list study design and further demonstrated that aversive scenes but not fearful faces were associated with a significant increase in peripheral sympathetic arousal, as indexed by the galvanic skin response.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Emotional memories are not all created equal: Evidence for selective memory enhancement

Anderson¹,

Yamaguchi²,

Grabski³

et al. 2006

Learn. Mem.

118

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Human brain imaging studies have shown that greater amygdala activation to emotional relative to neutral events leads to enhanced episodic memory. Other studies have shown that fearful faces also elicit greater amygdala activation relative to neutral faces. To the extent that amygdala recruitment is sufficient to enhance recollection, these separate lines of evidence predict that recognition memory should be greater for fearful relative to neutral faces. Experiment 1 demonstrated enhanced memory for emotionally negative relative to neutral scenes; however, fearful faces were not subject to enhanced recognition across a variety of delays (15 min to 2 wk). Experiment 2 demonstrated that enhanced delayed recognition for emotional scenes was associated with increased sympathetic autonomic arousal, indexed by the galvanic skin response, relative to fearful faces. These results suggest that while amygdala activation may be necessary, it alone is insufficient to enhance episodic memory formation. It is proposed that a sufficient level of systemic arousal is required to alter memory consolidation resulting in enhanced recollection of emotional events.We tend to remember poignant, emotional events far better than mundane, trivial ones. From births and deaths of loved ones, to weddings and graduations, those events with increased emotional significance achieve prominence in our memory (Christianson 1992;Berntsen and Rubin 2004). Numerous studies have revealed a critical role for the human amygdala in the enhanced episodic memory accompanying emotional events (Cahill et al.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Emotional memories are not all created equal: Evidence for selective memory enhancement

Anderson¹,

Yamaguchi²,

Grabski³

et al. 2006

Learn. Mem.

118

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“…Other studies have shown spared-item recognition and impaired temporal source memory in patients with PFC lesions (Shimamura et al, 1990;Simons et al, 2002). The interpretation of these data are complicated by the fact that item recognition and temporal source memory judgments could be supported by familiarity strength and/or recollection (Jacoby and Dallas, 1981;Quamme et al, 2002;Yonelinas and Levy, 2002). The present results, however, suggest that the PFC may be essential for normal familiarity-based recognition and that preserved familiarity in previous studies might have reflected spared processing in the intact hemisphere.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Effects of Unilateral Prefrontal Lesions on Familiarity, Recollection, and Source Memory

Duarte¹,

Ranganath²,

Knight³

2005

J. Neurosci.

131

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Recognition memory can be supported by both the assessment of the familiarity of an item and by recollection of the context in which an item was encountered. Some have hypothesized that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) disproportionately contributes to recollection, whereas an alternative view is that the PFC contributes to both recollection and familiarity. Here, we examined the effects of prefrontal lesions on recollection and familiarity. Patients with unilateral PFC lesions and age-, gender-, and education-matched controls encoded pictures of meaningful objects that were presented briefly to the left or right visual field and subsequently performed recognition tests for centrally presented objects. Laterality effects within the PFC were also assessed in relation to recollection and familiarity processes. Patients with prefrontal lesions showed impaired familiarity-based recognition, and this deficit was specific for objects encoded by the lesioned hemisphere. In addition, recollection of the context in which each item was encountered was impaired independent of the visual field of presentation in patients with left prefrontal lesions. Recollection measured by subjective reports ("remember") was not impaired in either left or right frontal patients. These findings suggest that the PFC plays a critical role in recognition memory based on familiarity as well as recollection. Furthermore, these results suggest that left PFC regions are critical for source recollection.

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“…These comparisons provide compelling evidence that the ROCs can be linear or curvilinear, depending on the memory demands, under identical reward contingencies and other task parameters. Importantly, our observations of linear ROCs in some of these conditions are similar to observations in humans where, contrary to Wixted and Squire' claims, linear ROCs have been observed in associative recognition (see above) and with elongated memory delays (Hockley 1992;Yonelinas and Levy 2002).…”

Section: The Differential Outcomes Effectcontrasting

confidence: 41%

ROCs in rats? Response to Wixted and Squire: Figure 1.

Eichenbaum

Sauvage²,

Fortin³

et al. 2008

Learn. Mem.

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The article, "Constructing receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) with experimental animals: Cautionary Notes" offered by Wixted and Squire (2008, this issue) attempts to dismiss our observation of linear ROC functions in rats performing recognition tasks in two recent reports (Fortin et al. 2004;Sauvage et al. 2008). The motive for their effort is that the model of recognition memory they choose to adopt (the single-process model of recognition memory known as the Unequal Variance Signal Detection Model) cannot account for a linear ROC, so they are convinced that there must be a violation of key assumptions in signal detection analysis methodology that artificially causes the functions to be linear. Of note, our approach has been different; we examined our data using both the single-and dual-process models and found that the dual-process model provided a better fit in both studies.Wixted and Squire begin with the assertion that linear ROC functions are almost never observed in humans. However, their analysis focuses on the linearity of the probability ROCs, which rests only on the failure to find statistically significant curvilinearity. More compelling are analyses that calculate performance in z-scores, which reveal a statistically significant U-shape curve in z-space that provides direct evidence for ROC linearity. On those grounds, our ROCs are in perfect agreement with the vast majority of the findings from associative recognition tests (59 conditions from 17 different studies) (Parks and Yonelinas 2007), wherein a large majority showed the U-shaped zROCs as seen in our studies. U-shaped zROC functions were observed across a variety of different associative recognition tasks, including tests of word pairs, memory for location, list membership, and more.Also, Wixted and Squire emphasize that our use of differential reward payoffs to manipulate response biases is unique and suspect. In contrast to this claim, the manipulation of payoff ratios is considered a valid way to obtain a range of response criteria to determine ROCs, and this method has been used since the beginning of signal detection analyses. The use of payoff ratios was initially used in signal detection analyses on visual detection performance (Tanner and Swets 1954) and produced curvilinear ROCs. In their comprehensive review of the literature, Macmillan and Creelman (1991) conclude: "Payoffs and verbal instructions, although more time consuming than ratings provide one important advantage: The data points are statistically independent, as they are not in a rating-experiment ROC. If the aim of an experiment is to evaluate theoretical assumptions (e.g., that the ROC is regular), then a separate-session procedure may be indicated. For most practical applications, however, the rating task is recommended because of its efficiency." Therefore, while confidence ratings are more convenient for studies on humans, the use of payoff ratios is considered valid and does not necessarily produce linear ROCs in humans. Indeed, in our particular applicatio...

show abstract

Dissociating familiarity from recollection in human recognition memory: Different rates of forgetting over short retention intervals

Cited by 102 publications

References 64 publications

Emotional memories are not all created equal: Evidence for selective memory enhancement

Emotional memories are not all created equal: Evidence for selective memory enhancement

Effects of Unilateral Prefrontal Lesions on Familiarity, Recollection, and Source Memory

ROCs in rats? Response to Wixted and Squire: Figure 1.

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