“…Our present work also parallels an emerging view that the NAc DA release observed following investigator-administered alcohol was provoked by novelty, unexpectedness, and/or aversiveness of the administration (Bradberry, 2002; Gonzales et al, 2004; Heidbreder and De Witte, 1993; Imperato and Di Chiara, 1986; Joseph et al, 2003; Marinelli et al, 2003; Philpot and Kirstein, 1998; Yan, 1999; Yim et al, 1998, 2000; Yoshimoto et al, 1992). Although several studies have documented increases in NAc [DA] during oral self-administration of alcohol (Doyon et al, 2005; Gonzales and Weiss, 1998; Melendez et al, 2002; Weiss et al, 1992, 1993, 1996), Doyon and colleagues (2003, 2005) showed that increases in NAc [DA] were dissociated from changes in brain ethanol concentration: NAc DA levels peaked 5 minutes after the onset of oral alcohol self-administration, then gradually tapered off over the next 30 minutes as the animals continued to drink alcohol and brain ethanol levels continued to rise.…”