Dissociation of conditioned taste avoidance from conditioned disgust reactions induced by wheel running in rats

Grant, Virginia L.; McDonald, Sarah V.; Sheppard, Robyn C.; Caldwell, Catherine L.; Heeley, Thomas; Brown, Adam R.; Martin, Gerard M.

doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.01.011

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Furthermore, a unique reduction in taste palatability, measured by licking patterns (Baird, St John, & Nguyen, 2005;Dwyer, 2009Dwyer, , 2012, accompanies both running-based and LiCl-based taste avoidances, implying that running and LiCl commonly induce nausea (Dwyer, Boakes, & Hayward, 2008; but see , for a dissenting view). Finally, aversive orofacial responses, which also reflect taste palatability (Grill & Norgren, 1978), are invoked by the taste paired with wheel running, at least when the running is accompanied with a rocking movement of the wheel (Grant et al, 2012). This suggests motion sickness may be produced by wheel running, because motion sickness produces aversive taste reactivity responses as well (Ossenkopp et al, 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

Running-based pica and taste avoidance in rats

Nakajima

2017

Learn Behav

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Running in an activity wheel generates pica behavior (kaolin clay intake) in rats. Wheel running also results in Pavlovian conditioned avoidance of the taste solution consumed immediately before the running. Since pica has been considered a behavioral marker of nausea in rats, these findings suggest that wheel running induces nausea, which is the underlying physiological state for establishing taste avoidance. This article reports a replication of running-based pica in rats (Experiment 1) and concurrent demonstrations of running-based pica and taste avoidance in the same animals (Experiments 2 and 3). Also shown is that pica does not alleviate running-based taste avoidance (Experiment 3). Another finding is that pica is generated by a nausea-inducing lithium chloride injection but not by a pain-inducing hypertonic saline injection (Experiment 4). These results, when taken together, support the hypothesis that pica behavior generated by wheel running reflects nausea in rats.

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confidence: 99%

Running-based pica and taste avoidance in rats

Nakajima

2017

Learn Behav

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“…The physiological process of this aversive learning remains to be explored. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the physiological cause of running-based CTA, which include activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system [40], motion sickness by rocking movement of wheels [30], energy expenditure by physical exercise [57], and general stress [58]. Unfortunately, all of these accounts have their own inconvenient truths [43, 50, 52, 56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A unique agent for establishing CTA in rats is voluntary wheel running [30, 32, 33, 40, 41, 51, 54, 58]. Because wheel running is a positive reinforcer for preceding instrumental responses, such as lever pressing [8, 19, 37, 38], one may regard wheel running as pleasant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food aversion learning based on voluntary running in non-deprived rats: a technique for establishing aversive conditioning with minimized discomfort

Nakajima

2019

Exp. Anim.

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This article presents an experimental preparation for establishing conditioned food aversion (CFA) by voluntary wheel running in rats with laboratory chow and water freely available. In Experiment 1, unfamiliar food (raisins) was avoided by rats when they first encountered it. This neophobic food avoidance was habituated by repeated tests; the rats gradually increased their raisin consumption. However, the consumption remained suppressed in rats that accessed the raisins after wheel running. This finding implies that running yielded CFA, which suppressed consumption of the unfamiliar food rather than increasing it. Because running generated kaolin clay ingestion, which is a behavioral marker of nausea, it is suggested that the running-based CFA was mediated by weak gastrointestinal discomfort. Experiment 2 supported the claim that the suppressed consumption is due to running-based CFA by showing the specificity of food suppression. Demonstration of CFA based on voluntary activity in non-deprived rats will contribute to basic research on learning and memory as an alternative technique for studying aversive conditioning with minimized discomfort in animals.

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“…Third, Dwyer et al (2008) found a reduction in taste palatability, reflected in the microstructure of fluidlicking behavior, for running-based FAL as well as for LiCl-based FAL, concluding that running-and LiCl-based flavor aversions are commonly caused by nausea. Fourth, negative orofacial and somatic reactions, such as gaping, chin rubbing, and paw treading (Grill & Norgren, 1978) are evoked by the flavor paired with running, at least when the running is accompanied with a rocking movement of the wheel (Grant et al, 2012). Because similar disgust reactions are evoked by the flavor paired with emetics such as LiCl but not the flavor paired with rewarding drugs (Parker, 2014), we straightforwardly deduce that running-based FAL and emetic-based FAL share the same psychophysiological state (i.e., nausea).…”

Section: Gastrointestinal Discomfortmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the motion sickness hypothesis seems to be a reasonable explanation for running-based FAL. Furthermore, Grant et al (2012), who carefully manipulated the rocking movements of the wheels, demonstrated that reduction of rocking movements reduced the disgust reactions.…”

Section: Motion Sicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavor Aversion Learning Based on Running: A Review

Nakajima¹

2020

IJCP

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Wheel running establishes aversion in rats to a flavored solution consumed shortly before the running. Many studies have shown that this is a case of Pavlovian conditioning, in which the flavor and running respectively act as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). The present article introduces some procedural variables of this running-based flavor aversion learning (FAL), including subjects, CS agents, US agents, and drive operations. This article also summarize various behavioral features of Pavlovian conditioning demonstrated in running-based FAL including the law of contiguity despite long-delay learning, extinction and spontaneous recovery, CS-preexposure effect, remote and proximal US-preexposure effects, degraded contingency effect, inhibitory learning by backward conditioning, stimulus overshadowing, associative blocking, and higher-order contextual control. Also reviewed are several hypotheses proposed for the underlying psychophysiological causes of running-based FAL (activation of mesolimbic dopamine system, gastrointestinal discomfort, motion sickness, energy expenditure, general stress, and anticipatory contrast). At the end of the article, we visit the question of most general interest about running-based FAL: why pleasurable activity of voluntary running yields aversive learning in rats.

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Dissociation of conditioned taste avoidance from conditioned disgust reactions induced by wheel running in rats

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Running-based pica and taste avoidance in rats

Running-based pica and taste avoidance in rats

Food aversion learning based on voluntary running in non-deprived rats: a technique for establishing aversive conditioning with minimized discomfort

Flavor Aversion Learning Based on Running: A Review

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