Dissolution of gypsum from field observations

Klimchouk, Alexander; Cucchi, Franco; Calaforra, José María; Aksem, Sergey D.; Finocchiaro, Furio; Forti, Paolo

doi:10.5038/1827-806x.25.3.3

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Evaporites reacting with flowing water dissolve creating voids which in turn destabilize the mantling deposits giving rise to closed depressed areas [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The high solubility of evaporite minerals (0.4 mm/yr and 1.0 mm/yr [16] compared for example with limestone (0.009-0.14 mm/yr [17]) favours the development of unstable voids that may be extremely dangerous due to the severe damages that they can cause on man-made structures [2,3,11,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Among evaporites, gypsum-bearing rocks represent the most widespread deposits along with anhydrite [27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporite Dissolution Rate through an on-site Experiment into Piezometric Tubes Applied to the Real Case-Study of Quinis (NE Italy)

et al. 2019

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The present paper deals with a field experiments on evaporite rock samples and groundwater investigations in the Quinis test site, a hamlet of the Enemonzo municipality in NE Italy, were sinkholes occurred in the past and are still occurring causing severe damage to the existing infrastructures. The area is characterised by a Carnian evaporitic bedrock made of gypsum and anhydrite mantled by alluvial and colluvial deposits. In order to evaluate the loss of weight and volume of the subcropping evaporites as responsible for sinkholes, a field-experiment was carried out. Inside seven piezometers, at different depths, evaporitic rock samples were exposed to the naturally occurring variable climatic conditions such as degree of humidity, different air flow and hydrodynamic. The rock samples were installed at the beginning of April 2017 in the dry sections of piezometric tubes, in the vadose zone and in the phreatic zone. Data related to water level fluctuations were recorded by using data-logger devices and highlight significant changes in the water table. After 13 months of data recording (May 2018), rock samples were removed, reweighted and the volume loss measured. In addition, water from piezometer-experiment, representative of the groundwater circulation, were collected at different depths. The obtained results indicate that rock sample reduction is dependent on the hydrological regime and water chemistry and not on the number of days during which the samples remained submersed. In particular, the water geochemistry highlights the possible role in gypsum/anhydrite dissolution due to NaCl water admixing in a complex scenario. In additional, the geochemical data highlight the occurrence of some potentially toxic elements (As, Fe, Mn) at concentrations of concern in some water. This approach represents a novel contribution in the study of karst hazard in evaporites adding a tile to the knowledge of the fast evolutionary processes which cause sinkhole formation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaporite Dissolution Rate through an on-site Experiment into Piezometric Tubes Applied to the Real Case-Study of Quinis (NE Italy)

et al. 2019

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“…This widespread process is particularly efficient in relict caves, close to entrances where the thermal gradient is high, in alpine caves where airflow is substantial, in the upper levels of cave or close to the ceiling where air is warmer (Badino 1995(Badino , 2010, or in hypogene caves when corrosion is enhanced by the presence of acids. It is far more active in summer when cooling of surface air entering caves can produce significant amounts of con-densation; in contrast, condensation is very limited in winter, except in alpine caves when air rising through vertical caves cools and produces condensation in upper entrances, at the contact of the rock cooled by the ambient winter temperature (Klimchouk et al 1996;Dublyansky & Dublyansky 2000). Several studies have shown the relative importance of condensation water volume: in the Crimea region, it represents 3.5% of the total spring discharge and 4.5 L/s/km 2 in summer (Dublyansky & Dublyansky 2000), 0.7 L/s in the Sorbas semi-arid region, Spain , 0.15 L/s in Spipola Cave, Italy pears to be important where bat colonies are also present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies suggest a wall retreat range from 0.3 to 30 mm/ka. In Sorbas gypsum caves, wall retreat has been estimated to be 22-33 mm/ka (Klimchouk et al 1996;Gázquez et al 2015;Sanna et al 2015). In extreme environments, such as in hypogene caves with high concentration of acidic gas and high thermal gradient, the intensity of condensation-corrosion and of the wall retreat is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger (Lismonde 2003;Dublyansky & Dublyansky 2000 and references therein).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of condensation-corrosion in the morphological evolution of caves in semi-arid regions: preliminary investigations in the Kyrenia Range, Cyprus

Cailhol

Audra

Nehmé

et al. 2019

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) Edwards: The contribution of condensation-corrosion in the morphological evolution of caves in semi-arid regions: preliminary investigations in the Kyrenia Range, CyprusThe condensation-corrosion process occurs when airflow cools at the contact with colder cave walls. Condensed water becomes aggressive for soluble rocks and corrodes the walls. This process is particularly active close to cave entrances in high thermal gradient zones where external air enters caves. Condensation ap- IzvlečekUDK 551.435.84(393.7) Edwards: Prispevek kondenzacijske korozije pri razvoju jam v polsuhih območjih: predhodni rezultati v jamah Kirenijskega gorovja, Ciper Kondenzacijska korozija se pojavi ob stiku vlažnega zračnega toka s hladnimi jamskimi stenami. Pri tem na jamsko steno iz zraka kondenzira film vode, ki kemično korodira vodotopno kamnino. Proces je najbolj izrazit v bližini jamskih vhodov, kjer ob visokem temperaturnem gradientu zunanji zrak vs-

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“…The most recent and comprehensive review on condensation in karst and its role on hydrology and speleogenesis has been published by Dublyansky and Dublyansky (2000) and Klimchouk et al (1996). They report that in summer condensation supplies a significant amount of water (up to 20% of the total dry reason run-off) to karst systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Condensation Corrosion: A Theoretical Approach

Dreybrodt

Gabrovšek

Perne

2016

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Condensation of water from warm, humid air to cold rock walls in caves is regarded to play a significant role in speleogenesis. The water condensing to the cave walls quickly attains equilibrium with the carbon dioxide in the surrounding air, and consequently dissolves limestone or gypsum forming various types of macro-,meso-, and micromorphologies. In this paper we present the basic physical principles of condensation and give equations, which allow a satisfactory estimation of condensation rates. Water condensing to a cooler wall releases heat of condensation, which raises the temperature of the wall thus reducing the temperature difference ΔT between the warm air and the cave wall. Furthermore one has to take into account the heat flux from the air to the cave wall. This defines the boundary conditions for the equation of heat conduction. For a constant temperature of the air initial condensation rates are high but then drop down rapidly by orders of magnitude during the first few days. Finally constant condensation rates are attained, when the heat flux into the rock is fully transmitted to the surface of the karst plateau. For spherical and cylindrical conduits these can be obtained as a function of the depth Z below the surface. When diurnal or seasonal variations of the air temperature are active as is the case close to cave entrances, condensation rates can become quite significant, up to about 10 -6 m/year. The theoretical results are applied also to corrosion of speleothems and the formation of »röhrenkarren« as described by Simms (2003). To convert condensation rates into retreat of bedrock the saturation state of the solution must be known. In the appendix we present experiments, which prove that in any case the solution flowing off the rock is saturated with respect to limestone or gypsum, respectively.. O speleogenetskem pomenu vode, ki iz toplega vlažnega zraka kondenzira na hladne jamske stene je napisanega veliko. Kondenzirana voda se hitro uravnoteži z ogljikovem dioksidom v jamski atmosferi, zato raztaplja apnenec in pri tem tvori različne skalne oblike. V članku predstavimo fizikalne osnove in podamo enačbe, ki omogočajo približno oceno hitrosti kondenzacije v različnih pogojih. Zaradi kondenzacijske toplote in prenosa toplote iz zraka na steno, se temperatura stene viša, pri čemer se zmanjšuje razlika temperature med zrakom in steno. To predstavlja robni pogoj za prevajanje toplote iz jame. Pri konstantni temperaturi zraka, hitrost kondenzacije v nekaj dneh pade za več velikostnih redov, dokler ne doseže končne vrednosti, pri kateri se ves toplotni tok prenese na površje. Slednjo za primer krogelnih in valjastih prostorov opišemo kot funkcijo globine rova Z. Pri dnevnih in sezonskih spemembah temperature, značilnih v bližini jamskih vhodov, je hitrost kondenzacije in posledično korozije do 1μm na leto. Teoretične rezultate uporabimo tudi za izračun korozije kapnikov in tipa škrapelj (röhrenkarren), ki jih opisuje Simms (2003). Za pretvorbo hitrosti kondenzacije v hitrost korozije, potrebujemo...

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Dissolution of gypsum from field observations

Cited by 32 publications

References 3 publications

Evaporite Dissolution Rate through an on-site Experiment into Piezometric Tubes Applied to the Real Case-Study of Quinis (NE Italy)

Evaporite Dissolution Rate through an on-site Experiment into Piezometric Tubes Applied to the Real Case-Study of Quinis (NE Italy)

The contribution of condensation-corrosion in the morphological evolution of caves in semi-arid regions: preliminary investigations in the Kyrenia Range, Cyprus

Condensation Corrosion: A Theoretical Approach

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