Distance elements: Linking theory with testing

Calero, Fernando

doi:10.1109/cpre.2009.4982524

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…This impact relates to the dynamic expansion of a memory-polarized mho distance circle [31,32]. Basically, memory polarization causes mho distance circle to exhibit an initial expansion whose characteristics depend on the amplitude and phase angle of source impedance behind the relay.…”

Section: Reduced Reach Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Inverter Based Resources on System Protection

et al. 2021

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Inverter-based resources (IBRs) exhibit different short-circuit characteristics compared to traditional synchronous generators (SGs). Hence, increased uptake of IBRs in the power system is expected to impact the performance of traditional protective relay schemes—set under the assumption of a SG-dominated power system. Protection engineers need to study these challenges and develop remedial solutions ensuring the effectiveness of system protection under higher levels of IBRs. To address this need, this paper studies the impact of IBRs on a variety of protective relay schemes including line distance protection, memory-polarized zero sequence directional protective relay element, negative sequence quantities-based protection, line current differential protection, phase comparison protection, rate-of-change-of-frequency, and power swing detection. For each protection function, potential misoperation scenarios are identified, and recommendations are provided to address the misoperation issue. The objective is to provide an improved understanding of the way IBRs may negatively impact the performance of traditional protection schemes as a first step towards developing future remedial solutions ensuring effective protection under high share of IBRs.

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Section: Reduced Reach Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Inverter Based Resources on System Protection

et al. 2021

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“…A self-polarized based phase comparator uses the faulted phase voltage as a polarizing quantity, resulting in a static Mho characteristic because it does not change with system conditions, fault conditions, or time. Therefore, the circle characteristic on the impedance plane can be described by the following equation, where Z App is the apparent impedance seen by the relay [28]:…”

Section: Distance Relay Element Measured Relay Voltage Measured Relay Loop Currentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Applying the symmetrical components analysis to get the polarized voltage ( 2 ) prior to each fault type, as presented in [28], will be adapted here to include TCSC impedance in the TL circuit. The maximum expansion of the dynamic Mho relay, , can be obtained When an SLG occurs at the end of the protected TL, at fault point F behind TCSC, the operating voltage S 1 can be expressed by:…”

Section: Adaptive Polarized Quantitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Applying the symmetrical components analysis to get the polarized voltage (S 2 ) prior to each fault type, as presented in [28], will be adapted here to include TCSC impedance in the TL circuit. The maximum expansion of the dynamic Mho relay, Z m , can be obtained at the fault inception, as the polarized voltage (S 2 ) is equal to the positive sequence polarized voltage prior to the fault.…”

Section: Adaptive Polarized Quantitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adaptive Mho Distance Protection for Interconnected Transmission Lines Compensated with Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor

et al. 2021

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This paper proposes an adaptive dynamic Mho distance relay based on a phase comparator scheme for protecting interconnected transmission networks compensated with a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The proposed relay uses an impedance index factor to initiate the fault detection subroutine. The RMS of the positive sequence current of the faulted loop and the TCSC terminal current are compared for TCSC zone identification. A phase comparator for ground and phase distance elements is proposed, relying on the positive sequence voltage as a polarized memory quantity, while the operating and polarizing quantities are developed using estimated TCSC impedance to mitigate its negative impact. The proposed scheme is easy in implementation and independent on synchronized data transfer, as minimum communication requirements are needed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme, extensive simulation studies were carried out on an IEEE9 bus system compensated with TCSC for different firing angles covering four modes of TCSC operations, different fault types, and fault locations. In addition, an IEEE-39 bus network, as a large interconnected system, is tested for validation purposes. The achieved results designate the precision of the proposed scheme. Moreover, the results indicate its effectiveness for fault resistance tolerance, close-in three phase faults, and stable power swing phenomenon compared with conventional relays.

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“…Both mho and quadrilateral elements are applied in this implementation of distance-based feeder protection. For details on both mho and quadrilateral distance elements and for direction to further references, see [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], and [6].…”

Section: Distance-based Feeder Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distance protection in distribution systems: How it assists with integrating distributed resources

Sharma

Sinclair²,

Finney³

2012

2012 65th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers

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The integration of distributed generation (DG) or distributed resources in the distribution system poses technical constraints for the electrical power system owner or manager. The addition of relatively large amounts of generation to the distribution system can potentially challenge the historical settings principles and design assumptions made in developing protection and control strategies based on overcurrent protection. The necessity and complexity of additional protection and control measures increase as the aggregate DG capacity within a potential island approaches or offsets the load within that island. In addition, the varying nature of DG availability and fault current capability must also be considered. The key issues discussed and associated with DG on the distribution feeder include anti-islanding, temporary overvoltages during fault conditions, and loss of sensitivity of feeder overcurrent protection for long feeders. As the distribution system evolves to accommodate more DG, the design and implementation of the feeder protection must also evolve. This paper presents the use of distance relays for distribution protection to solve some of the DG integration problems. This paper provides real-world event report data to further demonstrate the performance of distance protection on the distribution system. A relative cost comparison between various feeder protection solutions is presented along with a discussion on options for education of distribution companies challenged with implementing distance protection for the first time.

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Distance elements: Linking theory with testing

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Impact of Inverter Based Resources on System Protection

Impact of Inverter Based Resources on System Protection

Adaptive Mho Distance Protection for Interconnected Transmission Lines Compensated with Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor

Distance protection in distribution systems: How it assists with integrating distributed resources

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