Distance from symmetry: A three-dimensional evaluation of facial asymmetry

Ferrario, Virgilio F.; Sforza, Chiarella; Poggio, Carlo E.; Tartaglia, Gianluca Martino

doi:10.1016/0278-2391(94)90528-2

Cited by 185 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This is consistent with the aforementioned studies of other racial/ethnic groups conducted by Farkas and Cheung [4] (North American Caucasians), Primozic et al [5] (Slovenian Caucasians), and Ferrario et al [6] (Caucasians in Italy); however, this result is contrary of the finding of Ercan et al's analysis of a young Turkish sample [7]. Interestingly, for both genders, the ratio of Euclidean distances from crista philtr (cph) to labiale superius (ls) and Geodesic distances from tragion (t) and nasion (n) show that the left side is statistically significantly wider than the right side, which is opposite of general finding of this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Primozic et al [5] also showed a mild asymmetry of 27 healthy, young Slovenian Caucasians (15 boys and 12 girls) in their longitudinal study. Similar trends were found in other studies: 1) Ferrario et al [6] of 80 healthy, young Caucasians (40 men and 40 women) residing in Italy, 2) White et al [9] of 83 healthy Caucasian infants (41 boys and 42 girls) residing in the United Kingdom, and 3) Ercan et al [7] of 321 healthy, young Turks (151 men and 170 women).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Previous studies [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] have consistently reported that there is a mild asymmetry of the face for different racial/ethnic groups. For example, Farkas and Cheung [4] reported a subtle asymmetry of 308 healthy, young North American Caucasians (154 boys and 154 girls).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies [4][5][6] reported that the right side of the face is larger that the left side, while it is not true for one study [7]. There was also variability in which facial part was noted as the most asymmetric ; some studies [4,5] found that the upper part of the face is the most asymmetric part of the face, while other studies reported the middle [7] and the lower facial part [10] as the most asymmetric part of the face.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-Dimensional Analysis of Facial Asymmetry of Healthy Hispanic Children

Lee¹,

Ku²,

Silveira³

et al. 2012

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 16-17 October 2012

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The objective of this study was to conduct a quantitative analysis of facial asymmetry of healthy Hispanic Caucasian children residing in Central Texas, USA. 3D facial surface images of healthy Hispanic Caucasian participants (41 boys, 39 girls) currently residing in Central Texas, USA (aged 7 and 12 years) were obtained using a 3dMDcranial system (3dMD, Atlanta, GA) under an approved IRB protocol. Facial features of each hemiface (left and right) were quantified using 27 anthropometric distances between 22 facial landmarks computed from the 3D facial surface images. Two types of distances were included: 1) Euclidean (2 orbital, 3 nasal, 8 oral, and 6 profile) and 2) Geodesic (1 orbital, 1 nasal, 6 profile) distances. The ratio of each facial feature of the left hemiface to the corresponding facial feature of the right hemiface was calculated. The one-sample Student's t test with a Bonferroni correction was employed to assess the extent of facial asymmetry. Overall, for both genders, the facial features from the right side are larger than those from the left side. It was found that healthy Hispanic Caucasian children have fairly symmetric faces. However, the data suggest that there is a statistically significant asymmetry of facial features for healthy Hispanic Caucasian children. For example, the ratio of the nostril (sbal -sn) was asymmetric for healthy Hispanic Caucasian boys and the ratio between the Geodesic distances from tragion to nasion (t -n) was asymmetric for both genders. The result of this study is consistent with previous studies of other racial/ethnic groups. This information will serve as reference data for surgeons who conduct reconstructive surgery for children with congenital deformities of their faces.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Facial Asymmetry of Healthy Hispanic Children

Lee¹,

Ku²,

Silveira³

et al. 2012

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 16-17 October 2012

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“…With TLS, it is possible to measure millions of 3D points in a few seconds and to create highly detailed and accurate computer models of a shape. It is a rapidly developing application for obtaining the shape, contour, size, and volume of objects.The medical field also may benefit from advances in 3D imaging [5,8,12,21]. In plastic surgery, 3D modeling offers unique opportunities in reconstructive breast surgery [9], providing visual and quantitative assessment of reconstructed breasts [9,11].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Laser Imaging as a Valuable Tool for Specifying Changes in Breast Shape After Augmentation Mammaplasty

2008

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Background Three-dimensional (3D) terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a valuable method for measuring shapes of objects and for obtaining quantitative measurements. These qualities of the 3D laser scanner have proved to be useful in reconstructive breast surgery. This study investigated various 3D parameters to obtain an optimal objective visualization of the breast after cosmetic augmentation mammaplasty. Methods The objects are represented in a point cloud, which comprises millions of x, y, and z coordinates representing a virtual image. The quantification of 3D points shows changes in height (z coordinate) at any chosen point on the augmented breast (x and y coordinates). To give visual feedback on the change in dimensions, a color elevation scheme was applied on the reconstructed surface of the breast. As a quantifying description, a sagittal B-spline was chosen in a plane through the nipple to obtain the breast shape via the lateral profile. Results Pre-and postoperative clear images were obtained. The color elevation model showed an increased projection and upper pole fullness after augmentation. The B-spline showed the gain in projection in a sagittal plane through the nipple. Conclusions Three-dimensional TLS is capable of objectifying changes in shape after augmentation mammaplasty. This imaging technique represents superior visualization of the breast shape and can serve as a valuable tool to determine the changing dimensions of the breasts after augmentation mammaplasty. Keywords 3D Terrestrial laser scanning Á Augmentation mammaplastyIn recent years, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has become a standard tool in three-dimensional (3D) shape measuring for a wide variety of objects including construction works, industrial plants, forestry, and buildings [1,3,10,23]. With TLS, it is possible to measure millions of 3D points in a few seconds and to create highly detailed and accurate computer models of a shape. It is a rapidly developing application for obtaining the shape, contour, size, and volume of objects.The medical field also may benefit from advances in 3D imaging [5,8,12,21]. In plastic surgery, 3D modeling offers unique opportunities in reconstructive breast surgery [9], providing visual and quantitative assessment of reconstructed breasts [9,11]. Until recently, no techniques were available to objectify the change in the breasts after cosmetic breast implant surgery.In our study, we performed intraoperative 3D laser imaging before and directly after implantation to assess the contour, shape, and volume changes of the breast after implantation of silicone gel-filled breast prostheses.

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