Distance Running as an Ideal Domain for Showing a Sex Difference in Competitiveness

Deaner, Robert O.

doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9965-z

Cited by 71 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…The different results might be explained by the different lengths of the races and the different time periods. Additionally, motivation might act as a fundamental reason for the low women participation rate and to the great attendance of men (8,9,19,34). For female ultra-runners, the main drivers for involvement were noncompetitive factors such as general health orientation and psychological coping (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Women ultra-runners seem to be task oriented, motivated by personal achievement and health conscious individuals (34). In contrary, men have a predisposition for long-lasting competitiveness and thus motivated to train with a high volume (8,9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, sports reveal the skills required for success at fighting and primitive hunting, which could be an advantage for men finishers (38). Other explanations for men's dominance in distance running could be the greater training motivations in men (8,9). To succeed in distance running, enduring competitiveness is an important factor (8,9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other explanations for men's dominance in distance running could be the greater training motivations in men (8,9). To succeed in distance running, enduring competitiveness is an important factor (8,9). Deaner (8) hypothesized that men were substantially more competitive than women and therefore more motivated to engage in highvolume training.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance and Age of the Fastest Female and Male 100-km Ultramarathoners Worldwide From 1960 to 2012

Cejka¹,

Knechtle²,

Rüst³

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the change in 100-km running performance and in the age of peak performance for 100-km ultramarathoners. Age and running speed of the annual fastest women and men in all 100-km ultramarathons held worldwide between 1960 and 2012 were analyzed in 148,017 finishes with 18,998 women and 129,019 men using single, multivariate, and nonlinear regressions. Running speed of the annual fastest men increased from 8.67 to 15.65 km·h and from 8.06 to 13.22 km·h for the annual fastest women. For the annual 10 fastest men, running speed increased from 10.23 ± 1.22 to 15.05 ± 0.29 km·h (p < 0.0001) and for the annual 10 fastest women from 7.18 ± 1.54 to 13.03 ± 0.18 km·h (p < 0.0001). The sex difference decreased from 56.1 to 16.3% for the annual fastest finishers (p < 0.0001) and from 46.7 ± 8.7% to 14.0 ± 1.2% for the annual 10 fastest finishers (p < 0.0001). The age of the annual fastest men increased from 29 to 40 years (p = 0.025). For the annual fastest women, the age remained unchanged at 35.0 ± 9.7 years (p = 0.469). For the annual 10 fastest women and men, the age remained unchanged at 34.9 ± 3.2 (p = 0.902) and 34.5 ± 2.5 years (p = 0.064), respectively. To summarize, 100-km ultramarathoners became faster, the sex difference in performance decreased but the age of the fastest finishers remained unchanged at 35 years. For athletes and coaches to plan a career as 100-km ultramarathoner, the age of the fastest female and male 100-km ultramarathoners remained unchanged at 35 years between 1960 and 2012 although the runners improved their performance over time. (5): 1180-1190, 2015-The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the change in 100-km running performance and in the age of peak performance for 100-km ultramarathoners. Age and running speed of the annual fastest women and men in all 100-km ultramarathons held worldwide between 1960 and 2012 were analyzed in 148,017 finishes with 18,998 women and 129,019 men using single, multivariate, and nonlinear regressions. Running speed of the annual fastest men increased from 8.67 to 15.65 km$h 21 and from 8.06 to 13.22 km$h 21 for the annual fastest women. For the annual 10 fastest men, running speed increased from 10.23 6 1.22 to 15.05 6 0.29 km$h 21 (p , 0.0001) and for the annual 10 fastest women from 7.18 6 1.54 to 13.03 6 0.18 km$h 21 (p , 0.0001). The sex difference decreased from 56.1 to 16.3% for the annual fastest finishers (p , 0.0001) and from 46.7 6 8.7% to 14.0 6 1.2% for the annual 10 fastest finishers (p , 0.0001). The age of the annual fastest men increased from 29 to 40 years (p = 0.025). For the annual fastest women, the age remained unchanged at 35.0 6 9.7 years (p = 0.469). For the annual 10 fastest women and men, the age remained unchanged at 34.9 6 3.2 (p = 0.902) and 34.5 6 2.5 years (p = 0.064), respectively. To summarize, 100-km ultramarathoners became faster, the sex difference in performance decreased but the age of the fastest finishers remained unchanged a...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance and Age of the Fastest Female and Male 100-km Ultramarathoners Worldwide From 1960 to 2012

Cejka¹,

Knechtle²,

Rüst³

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…[28] Factors leading to this growth include society"s increasing acceptance of "active" females; females feeling more comfortable living an active lifestyle [29] , and the growth of females-only events, good examples of which are the "Danskin" and "Trek Triathlon" Series in USA.…”

Section: Female Rates Of Participationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Triathlon Performance: Effects of Sex and Age

2013

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The influences of sex and age upon endurance performance have previously been documented for both running and swimming. A number of recent studies have investigated how sex and age influence triathlon performance, a sport that combines three disciplines (swimming, cycling and running), with competitions commonly lasting between two (Short distance : 1.5 km swim, 40 km cycle and 10 km run) and eight hours (Ironman distance: 3.8 km swim, 180 km cycle and 42 km run) for elite triathletes. Age and sex influences upon performance have also been investigated for ultra-triathlons with distances corresponding to several Ironman distances and lasting several days, and for off-road triathlons combining swimming, mountain biking and trail running. Triathlon represents an intriguing alternative model for analyzing the effects of age and sex upon endurance and ultra-endurance (> 6 hours) performance because sex differences and age-related declines in performance can be analyzed in the same persons across the three separate disciplines. The relative participation of both females and masters athletes (age > 40 years old) in triathlon has increased consistently over the past 25 years. Sex differences in triathlon performance are also known to differ between the modes of locomotion adopted (swimming, cycling or running) for both elite and non-elite triathletes.Generally, time differences between sexes in swimming have been shown to be smaller on average than during cycling and running. Both physiological and morphological factors contribute to explaining these findings. Performance density (i.e. the time difference between the winner and 10 th placed competitor) has progressively improved (time differences have decreased) for international races over the past two decades for both males and females, with performance density now very similar for both sexes. For age-group triathletes, sex differences in total triathlon performance time increases with age. The possible difference in age-related changes in the physiological determinants of endurance and ultra-endurance performances between males and females needs further investigation however. Non-

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Gender Differences in Task Specific Dystonia: What Can we Learn from Musician's Dystonia?

Doll‐Lee,

Passarotto,

Altenmüller

et al. 2024

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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BackgroundMusician's Dystonia (MD) is a task specific, focal dystonia which usually occurs only at the instrument. The pathophysiology is not fully understood, but several risk factors like over‐practice and genetic predisposition are known. Interestingly, 80% of those affected are men, which stands in contrast to the gender distribution in other focal dystonias, such as cervical dystonia.ObjectivesOur aim was to evaluate the difference in women and men with regard to risk factors leading to MD.MethodsWe investigated known risk factors for MD in a large cohort of 364 MD patients by retrospectively collecting data on practice behavior and family history.ResultsIn line with previous studies, we found a ratio of ~4:1 men to women. Age at onset of MD was significantly lower in women; however, subsequent analysis revealed that it was a positive family history (FH+) and not gender that was associated with a lower age at onset. Furthermore, we found that those with negative family history had accumulated more practice time until onset of MD.ConclusionsThese results imply that the earlier age at onset in women did not depend on gender but was due to the higher proportion of a positive family history. In contrast, men were less likely to have a positive family history, suggesting that genetic factors may not be the primary reason for the higher prevalence of MD in men. Instead, differences in practice behaviors between men and women may contribute to this gender disparity.

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Distance Running as an Ideal Domain for Showing a Sex Difference in Competitiveness

Cited by 71 publications

References 130 publications

Performance and Age of the Fastest Female and Male 100-km Ultramarathoners Worldwide From 1960 to 2012

Performance and Age of the Fastest Female and Male 100-km Ultramarathoners Worldwide From 1960 to 2012

Trends in Triathlon Performance: Effects of Sex and Age

Gender Differences in Task Specific Dystonia: What Can we Learn from Musician's Dystonia?

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