Distillation of Natural Fatty Acids and Their Chemical Derivatives

Cermak, Steven C.; Evangelista, Roque L.; Kenar, James A.

doi:10.5772/38601

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…In this study, the application of vacuum evaporation and condensation (or distillation) is proposed as an option for high-grade (low or no solids) VFA stream recovery from fermented sludge. Distillation has been the primary method for purifying and separating mixed VFAs (Cermak et al, 2012). However, the sludge would be subjected to high temperatures up to 316 °C, and a large quantity of steam is required to adopt VFA distillation.…”

Section: Biological Nutrient Removal and Capturementioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Process Intensification With Vacuum and Combined Pretreatment Technologies

Okoye

2024

Preprint

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Anaerobic digestion and fermentation are essential processes for transforming wastewater treatment plants into robust energy, nutrient, and water recovery facilities. However, these processes' slow microbial growth rate and low yields limit their application to larger facilities. To improve their efficiency, intensifying anaerobic digestion and fermentation (to a lesser extent) has been the subject of numerous research studies. This dissertation explored the principle of vacuum evaporation for combining sludge thickening, decoupling of hydraulic and retention times, and nutrient recovery into a single treatment unit. Gaps, including the efficiency of vacuum sludge thickening at different solids content, its impact on anaerobic bacteria and the overall physio and biochemical processes, were investigated. In batch fermentation, establishing 400 mbar of absolute pressure led to 49% solubilization of primary sludge in 72 hours compared to the conventional fermentation in which 11% solubilization was achieved. During fermentation of TWAS at 400 mbar, deterioration of solubilization and VFA yield was observed. The vacuum technology was used to decouple the hydraulic and solids retention time (HRT/SRT) in semi-continuous fermentation of mixed sludge. At SRT of 3 days and HRT of 1.5 days, the vacuum-assisted fermenter yielded 660 mg sCOD/g VSS compared to the conventional fermenter which achieved 513 mg sCOD/g VSS with equal HRT and SRT of 3 days. Additionally, 50% of the ammonia produced in the fermenter was extracted in the condensate with no chemical alterations. The results led to the development of IntensiCarb, a patent-pending technology that combines sludge thickening, digestion, and dewatering into a single unit. This dissertation also investigated the use of combined chemical-mechanical and chemical-chemical pretreatment technologies with free nitrous acid (FNA) to enhance the anaerobic digestion of TWAS. FNA is an environment-friendly chemical that can be produced in wastewater treatment facilities. In this study, FNA concentrations from 0.7 to 2.8 mg HNO2-N/L were combined with ultrasonication energy input from 600 to 3,000 kj/kg TS to explore the feasibility of lower energy input for effective sludge disintegration and enhanced anaerobic digestion. The energy input for ultrasonication could be halved from 3,000 kj/kg TS to 1,500 kj/kg TS by adding 2.8 mg HNO2-N /L while improving solubilization by 43% and methane yield by 18%. FNA was also combined with hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizing chemical that has shown effectiveness in improving biodegradability at low pH. The results showed that the pretreatment combination with the lowest chemical concentrations of 0.7 mg HNO2-N /L and 25 mg H2O2/g TS was the most effective for maximizing methane yield, increasing it by 50% compared to the untreated TWAS.

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Section: Biological Nutrient Removal and Capturementioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Process Intensification With Vacuum and Combined Pretreatment Technologies

Okoye

2024

Preprint

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“…There are several procedures for separating FFAs and refining oil. The purification and separation of FAs has been conducted by vacuum distillation on an industrial scale for over a hundred years, and high-quality FFAs have been obtained 20) . A molecular distillation method was used to purify high-FFA crude PO 21) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of High-quality Oil from Vegetable Oil with High-free Fatty Acid (FFA) Content Using an Ammonia/Methanol Solution

Le,

Uyen,

Phuoc

et al. 2023

J. Oleo Sci.

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jjocs(SAF) 3) are produced from various vegetable, animal, and waste cooking oils and fats. More than 95％ of the feedstock used to produce BDF is edible oil, such as rapeseed oil (RSO) in Europe, soybean oil (SO) in United States, and palm oil (PO) and coconut oil in the tropical countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia. However, the cultivation of feedstock competes for agricultural land use with the growth of crops for human foodstuffs 4−6) , and increases greenhouse gas emissions by indirect land use changes (ILUC) 7,8) . Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore alternative feedstocks of inedible oils for the production of BDF, such as Vernicia montana Lour oil (VMO) 9) , Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) 10,11) , rubber seed oil (RO) 12,13) , Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil 14,15) , candle nut oil 16) , and waste, fish, flying, and cooking oils 17,18) .

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“…Therefore, their compositions should be extracted before used as the biodiesel's feedstock. In this study, MCPO will be distilled by using the physical distillation under vacuum pressure to partially extract the nutritional free fatty acid [10,11]. A low free fatty acid of mixed crude palm oil (LMCPO) obtained after distillation process, which containing over 1 wt.% FFA and was not acceptable level to produce the biodiesel by the transesterification [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Free Fatty Acid in Low Free Fatty Acid of Mixed Crude Palm Oil (LMCPO): Optimization of Esterification Parameters

Thawornprasert

Duangsuwan

Somnuk

2021

MSF

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The objective of this research was to study the optimum condition of esterified oil production from low free fatty acid of mixed crude palm oil (LMCPO) by using a response surface methodology (RSM) with esterification reaction in a batch mode. LMCPO obtained from a vacuum refining process of mixed crude palm oil (MCPO) to extract the partial FFA in oil which was used as a raw materials in a food production. Therefore, remaining FFA of 6.170 wt.% in LMCPO should be reduced to less than 1 wt.% by using esterification when required these oils to use as feedstock for producing biodiesel. After esterification process, FFA in esterified oil was studied to optimize the four independent variables of methanol (5-25 vol.%), sulfuric acid (0.5-4.5 vol.%), reaction time (5-65 min) and speed of stirrer (100-500 rpm). The results showed that the optimal condition of 25 vol.% methanol, 2 vol.% sulfuric acid, 500 rpm speed of stirrer, and 30 min reaction time at 60°C reaction temperature can decreased the FFA level to less than 0.212 wt.%. However, it was found out that the high consumptions of methanol and sulfuric acid required for reducing FFA to lowest value. Thus, the selected condition of 17.4% methanol, 1.6% sulfuric acid, 300 rpm speed of stirrer, and 35 min reaction time was chosen to save the chemical contents because this condition achieved to reduce FFA to acceptable level of 1 wt.%. For the actual experiment, FFA can be decreased to 0.212 wt.%, and 1.028 wt.% respectively. The yields of 96.67 wt.% for crude esterified oil and 94.22 wt.% for pure esterified oil were achieved based on LMCPO under the selected condition.

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Distillation of Natural Fatty Acids and Their Chemical Derivatives

Cited by 8 publications

References 84 publications

Anaerobic Process Intensification With Vacuum and Combined Pretreatment Technologies

Anaerobic Process Intensification With Vacuum and Combined Pretreatment Technologies

Preparation of High-quality Oil from Vegetable Oil with High-free Fatty Acid (FFA) Content Using an Ammonia/Methanol Solution

Reduction of Free Fatty Acid in Low Free Fatty Acid of Mixed Crude Palm Oil (LMCPO): Optimization of Esterification Parameters

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