Distinct Associations of Deprivation and Threat With Alterations in Brain Structure in Early Childhood

Machlin, Laura; Egger, Helen L.; Stein, Cheryl R.; Navarro, Esmeralda Álvarez; Carpenter, Kimberly L. H.; Goel, Srishti; Patel, Kinjal K.; Copeland, William E.; Sheridan, Margaret A.

doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.02.006

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Threat has been posited to influence affective brain systems, while deprivation has been posited to influence cognitive brain systems. These predictions have been supported by a systematic review (McLaughlin et al, 2019) (though see Machlin et al, 2023). However, detractors of this theory also argue that adversity dimensions often overlap and are not as distinct as they seem (Smith & Pollak, 2021).…”

Section: Applications To Developmental Neurosciencementioning

confidence: 93%

The future of neuroscience in developmental psychopathology

Hyde,

Bezek,

Michael

2024

Dev Psychopathol

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Developmental psychopathology started as an intersection of fields and is now a field itself. As we contemplate the future of this field, we consider the ways in which a newer, interdisciplinary field – human developmental neuroscience – can inform, and be informed by, developmental psychopathology. To do so, we outline principles of developmental psychopathology and how they are and/or can be implemented in developmental neuroscience. In turn, we highlight how the collaboration between these fields can lead to richer models and more impactful translation. In doing so, we describe the ways in which models from developmental psychopathology can enrich developmental neuroscience and future directions for developmental psychopathology.

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Section: Applications To Developmental Neurosciencementioning

confidence: 93%

The future of neuroscience in developmental psychopathology

Hyde,

Bezek,

Michael

2024

Dev Psychopathol

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“…Instead, environmental experiences associated with high and low socioeconomic status are likely to be, in part, responsible for individual differences in brain development. Among these experiences, chronic stressors such as environmental deprivation, exposure to threat, and lower levels of caregiver social support are one set of factors associated with altered brain volumes ( Brody et al, 2017 , Kok et al, 2015 , Machlin et al, 2023 , Mackes et al, 2020 , McLaughlin et al, 2019 ). These experiences have also been linked with psychopathology risk, with several theoretical perspectives and empirical findings implicating chronic stress as an environmental risk factor for depression ( Belleau et al, 2019 , Monroe and Harkness, 2005 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Threat experiences moderate the link between hippocampus volume and depression symptoms prospectively in adolescence

Herzberg,

DeJoseph,

Luby

et al. 2024

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience

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“…The stimulation discrepancy deprivation model theorizes that various structural environmental exposures (ie, deprivation, discrepancy, and stimulation or threat) may be associated with the risk for psychosis through distinct neurobiological mechanisms . For example, deprivation (defined as emotional neglect and poverty) was inversely associated with HV, whereas threat (defined as physical, emotional, and sexual abuse) did not have an association . Racial and ethnic inequality and social fragmentation are classified as discrepancy exposures, which describe environments that foster a sense of social exclusion, isolation, or lack of belonging .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 11 For example, deprivation (defined as emotional neglect and poverty) was inversely associated with HV, whereas threat (defined as physical, emotional, and sexual abuse) did not have an association. 12 Racial and ethnic inequality and social fragmentation are classified as discrepancy exposures, which describe environments that foster a sense of social exclusion, isolation, or lack of belonging. 13 Childhood area–level social fragmentation, defined as the proportion of individuals who moved (ie, residential instability) and single-parent households, has been shown to partially explain the association between urban upbringing and nonaffective psychotic disorders even after adjusting for socioeconomic indices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspects of Area Deprivation Index in Relation to Hippocampal Volume Among Children

Ku,

Aberizk,

Feurer

et al. 2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceArea deprivation index (ADI) has been shown to be associated with reduced hippocampal volume (HV) among youths. The social environment may interact with the association between ADI and HV.ObjectiveTo investigate which aspects of ADI are uniquely associated with bilateral HV and whether school and family environments have moderating interactions in associations between ADI and HV.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants aged 9 and 10 years were recruited from 21 sites in the US between September 2016 and August 2018. Data analysis was performed between March 2023 and April 2024.ExposuresADI aspects were derived from participant primary home addresses provided by parents or guardians.Main Outcomes and MeasuresHV was automatically segmented from structural brain images ascertained from magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple generalized linear mixed modeling tested associations between 9 indices of ADI and bilateral HV, with family groups and recruitment sites as random effects. After stepwise backward selection, models were adjusted for individual-level covariates, including age, sex, race and ethnicity, parental education, household income, and estimated intracranial volume.ResultsThis study included 10 114 participants aged 9 and 10 years (median [IQR] age, 9.92 [9.33-10.48] years; 5294 male [52.3%]; 200 Asian [2.0%], 1411 Black [14.0%], and 6655 White [65.8%]; 1959 Hispanic [19.4%]). After stepwise backward selection and adjusting for covariates, only the percentage of neighborhood-level single-parent households was associated with right HV (adjusted β per 1-SD increase in single-parent households, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.06 to −0.01; P = .01). School environment interacted with neighborhood-level single-parent households in its association with right HV (adjusted β per 1-SD increase in score, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.03; P = .003), such that there was an inverse association only among those at a school with the mean environment score (adjusted β per 1% increase in single-parent households, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.05 to −0.01; P = .02) and worse (−1 SD score) school environment score (adjusted β per 1% increase in single-parent households, −0.05; 95% CI, −0.09 to −0.01; P &lt; .001) but not among those at better (+1 SD score) school environments.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, an increased percentage of neighborhood-level single-parent households was associated with reduced right HV among children in schools with the mean or worse but not better environment score. These findings suggest that longitudinal research concerning the association of neighborhood-level characteristics and school environments with hippocampal development may be warranted to better understand complex interactions between various social factors and child neurodevelopment and mental health outcomes.

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Distinct Associations of Deprivation and Threat With Alterations in Brain Structure in Early Childhood

Cited by 17 publications

References 50 publications

The future of neuroscience in developmental psychopathology

The future of neuroscience in developmental psychopathology

Threat experiences moderate the link between hippocampus volume and depression symptoms prospectively in adolescence

Aspects of Area Deprivation Index in Relation to Hippocampal Volume Among Children

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