Distinct epidemiological profiles of porcine circovirus 3 and fox circovirus in Canadian foxes (Vulpes spp.)

Canuti, Marta; Rodrigues, Bruce; Bouchard, Émilie; Whitney, Hugh; Lang, Andrew S.; Dufour, Suzanne C.; Verhoeven, Joost T. P.

doi:10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100161

Cited by 3 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…In our study, 45% of the investigated animals were CanineCV-positive, indicating endemic circoviral circulation among wolves of the Northwest Territories. This number is in line with previous studies that also identified high infection prevalence in wild animals (Bexton et al, 2015;Canuti, Rodrigues, et al, 2022;de Villiers et al, 2023). Prevalence estimates could be affected by the type of analyzed sample, explaining potential variation across studies (Canuti, Rodrigues, et al, 2022).…”

Section: Caninecv Is Endemic Among Wolves Of Northern Canadasupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Being restricted to wild animals, these viruses may not benefit from the remarkable mobility of domestic dogs, as happens for other canine viruses (Mira et al, 2019;Alfano et al, 2022;Franzo et al, 2023), explaining the more constrained distribution and stronger geographical clustering. Nonetheless, when comparing the data we obtained here to those from our previous study performed with foxes from Labrador (Canuti, Rodrigues, et al, 2022), it is noteworthy that the viruses identified in these two regions differ significantly, highlighting a higher viral diversity in wolves from the Northwest Territories. Finally, strains from very distant locations were intermingled together in the tree, indicating that the origin of the four fox circovirus clades possibly pre-dates the segregation of European and American wolf and fox populations.…”

Section: Viral Hosts and Ecologysupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Indeed, the most studied circovirus, PCV-2, is known to cause chronic infections, with the virus persisting for months after the initial infection and being detectable in blood for long periods of time (Shibata et al, 2003;Opriessnig et al, 2010). Nonetheless, our previous investigation showed that, in foxes, positivity rates for CanineCV did not significantly differ between stool and spleen samples (Canuti, Rodrigues, et al, 2022). light pink: mainland Norway grey: Italy; green: Croatia).…”

Section: Caninecv Is Endemic Among Wolves Of Northern Canadamentioning

confidence: 88%

“…As shown in Figure 2, six animals were infected with variants within clades containing viruses also detected in dogs. Five of these (clade A) clustered together with a virus identified once in a dog from California (UCD3-478) (Li et al, 2013) and thereafter recognized as a recombinant between a fox circovirus and a virus from another clade (Canuti, Rodrigues, et al, 2022). The other one (clade G) was part of a clade comprising several viruses identified in dogs worldwide (China, Viet Nam, Iran, Italy, Germany, Namibia, USA, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil) as well as in wildlife (wolf, badger and fox in Italy, and jackal in Namibia) (Supplementary Figure S1 in the Appendix).…”

Section: Caninecv Diversity Among Grey Wolvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diverse fox circovirus (Circovirus canine) variants circulate at high prevalence in grey wolves (Canis lupus) from the Northwest Territories, Canada

Canuti,

King,

Franzo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Canine circovirus (CanineCV) has a worldwide distribution in dogs and is occasionally detected in wild carnivorans, indicating its ability for cross-species transmission. However, fox circovirus, a subclade of CanineCV, has been identified exclusively in wild canids. We analyzed spleen samples from 159 grey wolves from the Northwest Territories, Canada, to investigate the molecular epidemiology of CanineCV and formulate hypotheses about virus ecology and evolution. Overall, 72 (45.3%) animals tested positive. Virus prevalence was similar between males and females, adults and juveniles, and across the investigated years and locations. CanineCV infection was not associated with a poor body condition. While the percentage of co-infections with canine parvoviruses, investigated in a previous study, was high (63/72, 87.5%), the rate of parvovirus infection in CanineCV-negative animals was significantly lower (48.3%, p < 0.001) and CanineCV infection was associated with a 7.5- and 2.4-fold increase in the risk of acquiring canine parvovirus 2 or canine bufavirus infections, respectively (odds ratios: 3.5-16.9 and 1.3-5.8). Although common risk factors cannot be ruled out, this suggests that CanineCV may facilitate parvoviral super-infections. Sequencing revealed high genetic diversity, further exacerbated by recombination. Of the 69 sequenced strains, 87.5% were fox circoviruses, five were related to a fox circovirus-like recombinant strain, and one belonged to a distant clade. In the phylogenetic analysis, the viruses were distributed according to sampling locations, with some viruses being geographically restricted. Different clades of viruses were identified in the same areas and over multiple years (2007-2019), indicating the co-existence of multiple endemic lineages. Phylogenetic analysis of all available complete fox circovirus genomes (32 from foxes and 15 from wolves from North America and Europe) demonstrated four lineages, each including sequences from this study. Within each lineage, strains segregated geographically and not by host. This implies that, although multiple lineages co-exist, viruses do not frequently move between locations. Finally, viruses from Europe and North America were mixed, indicating that the origin of the four lineages might predate the segregation of European and American wolf and fox populations. Given the high prevalence and diversity of fox circoviruses in wolves, these animals should be considered reservoir hosts for these viruses. Although we cannot exclude a lower susceptibility of dogs, the lack of fox circovirus in dogs could be due to environmental circumstances that prevented its spread to dogs. Given the high diversity and wild host specificity, we presume a long-lasting association between fox circovirus and canine hosts and hypothesize a higher likelihood of transmission from dogs to wild animals than vice versa. Further studies should investigate other sympatric wild species and additional locations to explore the reasons behind the marked difference in cross-species transmission dynamics among the various clades.

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Section: Caninecv Is Endemic Among Wolves Of Northern Canadasupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Viral Hosts and Ecologysupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Caninecv Is Endemic Among Wolves Of Northern Canadamentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Caninecv Diversity Among Grey Wolvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diverse fox circovirus (Circovirus canine) variants circulate at high prevalence in grey wolves (Canis lupus) from the Northwest Territories, Canada

Canuti,

King,

Franzo

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Circoviruses have various hosts among mammals and birds (Li et al, 2010;Decaro et al, 2014). In recent years, in addition to the well-known Porcine Circovirus, Circoviruses that can infect canines, penguins, bats, and other animals have been reported (Piewbang et al, 2018;Matsumoto et al, 2019;Morandini et al, 2019;Canuti et al, 2022). Mink circovirus disease, Liu et al 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1205297 Frontiers in Microbiology 02 frontiersin.org caused by a new Circovirus member, Mink Circovirus (MiCV), has only been discovered in China and is reported to be able to infect foxes and raccoon dogs (Yang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of quantitative real-time PCR to detect Mink Circovirus in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs in northern China

Liu,

Sheng,

Zhou

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Mink circovirus disease caused by Mink Circovirus (MiCV) is a serious infectious disease of mink that has become prevalent in recent years in China, severely affecting the reproductive performance of mink and causing significant economic losses to farms. To date, there have been few studies on MiCV, its pathogenic mechanism is not clear, and there is no effective vaccine or drug to prevent and control the disease. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid and reliable molecular diagnostic method, which would aid future studies of this novel virus. In our study, we developed a sensitive and specific TaqMan-based quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the MiCV Cap gene. The assay showed no cross-reaction with other tested animal viruses. The assay is highly sensitive, with a detection limit of as low as 10 plasmid DNA copies and 2.38 × 10−2 pg of viral DNA. The intra and inter--assay coefficients of variation were both low. The positive detection rate of MiCV in clinical samples from minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs were 58.8% (133/226), 50.7% (72/142), and 42.2% (54/128), respectively, giving a total positive detection rate of 52.2% (259/496). Higher contamination levels were observed in samples from the environment in direct or indirect contact with animals, with a total positive detection rate of 75.1% (220/293). These epidemiological results showed that minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs had high infection rates of MiCV. This was also the first study to detect MiCV on the ground and equipment of fur-bearing animal farms. Our assay is highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis and quantification of MiCV, and should provide a reliable real-time tool for epidemiological and pathogenetic study of MiCV infection.

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Diverse fox circovirus (Circovirus canine) variants circulate at high prevalence in grey wolves (Canis lupus) from the Northwest Territories, Canada

Canuti,

King,

Franzo

et al. 2024

Peer Community Journal

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Distinct epidemiological profiles of porcine circovirus 3 and fox circovirus in Canadian foxes (Vulpes spp.)

Cited by 3 publications

References 41 publications

Diverse fox circovirus (Circovirus canine) variants circulate at high prevalence in grey wolves (Canis lupus) from the Northwest Territories, Canada

Diverse fox circovirus (Circovirus canine) variants circulate at high prevalence in grey wolves (Canis lupus) from the Northwest Territories, Canada

Application of quantitative real-time PCR to detect Mink Circovirus in minks, foxes and raccoon dogs in northern China

Diverse fox circovirus (Circovirus canine) variants circulate at high prevalence in grey wolves (Canis lupus) from the Northwest Territories, Canada

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