Distinct Host Species Correlate with
            <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum ankA</i>
            Gene Clusters

Scharf, Wiebke; Schauer, Sonja; Freyburger, Felix; Petrovec, Miroslav; Schaarschmidt-Kiener, D.; Liebisch, Gabriele; Runge, Martin; Ganter, Martin; Kehl, Alexandra; Dumler, J. Stephen; Garcı́a-Pérez, Ana L.; Jensen, Jennifer; Fingerle, Volker; Meli, Marina L.; Ensser, Armin; Stuen, Snorre; Loewenich, Friederike D. von

doi:10.1128/jcm.02051-10

Cited by 135 publications

(227 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Although Ixodes ticks often feed on white-tailed deer, the deer are infected with the Ap-Variant 1 strain of A. phagocytophilum, rather than with the human strain, in the United States (146). Diverse A. phagocytophilum strains are also found in animals and ticks in Europe, Japan, and Russia (109,111,151,160,170,203,238,239), where HGA has been rarely reported. These findings imply that the zoonosis potential of A. phagocytophilum depends not only on the transmissibility, habitats, and population density of ticks and infected mammals (90) but also on the genetic variations of A. phagocytophilum.…”

Section: Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

2011

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SUMMARY Anaplasma phagocytophilum persists in nature by cycling between mammals and ticks. Human infection by the bite of an infected tick leads to a potentially fatal emerging disease called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. A. phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that replicates inside mammalian granulocytes and the salivary gland and midgut cells of ticks. A. phagocytophilum evolved the remarkable ability to hijack the regulatory system of host cells. A. phagocytophilum alters vesicular traffic to create an intracellular membrane-bound compartment that allows replication in seclusion from lysosomes. The bacterium downregulates or actively inhibits a number of innate immune responses of mammalian host cells, and it upregulates cellular cholesterol uptake to acquire cholesterol for survival. It also upregulates several genes critical for the infection of ticks, and it prolongs tick survival at freezing temperatures. Several host factors that exacerbate infection have been identified, including interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cholesterol. Host factors that overcome infection include IL-12 and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Two bacterial type IV secretion effectors and several bacterial proteins that associate with inclusion membranes have been identified. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying A. phagocytophilum infection will foster the development of creative ideas to prevent or treat this emerging tick-borne disease.

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Section: Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A. phagocytophilum strains show a minor degree of variation in the nucleotide sequence in 16S rRNA and groESL. The p44, p44ESup1 (omp-1N), msp2 (different from p44), and ankA genes contain major strain variation (23,44,61,67,111,134,135,150,153,203,224,239). These and potentially other genes may allow more detailed comparisons among strains.…”

Section: Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

2011

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“…These obligate intracellular bacteria are found in sheep, cattle, horses and dogs, as well as deer and rodents in Europe (Kalinova et al, 2009), and although they cause human disease, this illness is rare (Scharf et al, 2011). They are transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes, therefore they do not present a risk to humans via consumption of sheep meat.…”

Section: Anaplasma Phagocytophilum (Formerly Ehrlichia Phagocytophilamentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats

2013

EFSA Journal

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A risk ranking process identified Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats. As these are not detected by traditional meat inspection, a meat safety assurance system using risk-based interventions was proposed. Further studies are required on T. gondii and pathogenic VTEC. If new information confirms these hazards as a high risk to public health from meat from sheep or goats, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Other elements of the system are risk-categorisation of flocks/herds based on improved Food Chain Information (FCI), classification of abattoirs according to their capability to reduce faecal contamination, and use of improved process hygiene criteria. It is proposed to omit palpation and incision from post-mortem inspection in animals subjected to routine slaughter. For chemical hazards, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls were ranked as being of high potential concern. Monitoring programmes for chemical hazards should be more flexible and based on the risk of occurrence, taking into account FCI, which should be expanded to reflect the SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by the inspection of meat from sheep and goats. The Panel was supported by the EFSA Panels on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) in the preparation of this Opinion. Briefly, the main risks for public health that should be addressed by meat inspection were identified and ranked; the strengths and weaknesses of the current meat inspection system were evaluated; recommendations were made for inspection methods fit for the purpose of meeting the overall objectives of meat inspection for hazards currently not covered by the meat inspection system; and recommendations for adaptations of inspection methods and/or frequencies of inspections that provide an equivalent level of protection were made. In addition, the implications for animal health and animal welfare of any changes proposed to current inspection methods were assessed.Sheep and goats were considered together, unless otherwise stated. Decision trees were developed and used for priority ranking of biological and chemical hazards present in meat from sheep and goats. For biological hazards the ranking was based on the magnitude of the human health impact, the severity of the disease in humans and the evidence supporting the role of meat from sheep and goats as a risk factor for disease in humans. The assessment was focused on the public health risks that may occur through the handling, preparation for consumption and/or consumption of meat from these species. The term 'priority' was considered more appropriate than 'risk' for categorizing the biological hazards associated with meat from small rumina...

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“…White-tailed deer may be seropositive and/or PCR positive for A. phagocytophilum (Bouchard et al 2013). The pathogen exists as biologically and ecologically distinct subpopulations that are adapted to specific reservoir hosts and tick species with varying capacities to infect and cause disease in humans and domestic animals Scharf et al 2011). In particular, the 16S rRNA gene variant (referred to as Ap-ha) is the only known A. phagocytophilum variant that has been isolated from humans in the eastern United States of America and it appears to be maintained in the P. leucopus-I.…”

Section: Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (Hga)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biological Survey of Canada: A Personal History

Danks¹

2017

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Distinct Host Species Correlate with Anaplasma phagocytophilum ankA Gene Clusters

Cited by 135 publications

References 75 publications

Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Mechanisms of Obligatory Intracellular Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from sheep and goats

The Biological Survey of Canada: A Personal History

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