Distinct lipid profile, low-level inflammation, and increased antioxidant defense signature in HIV-1 elite control status

Abstract

Summary HIV-1 elite controllers (EC) are a rare but heterogeneous group of HIV-1-infected individuals who can suppress viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The mechanisms of how EC achieve undetectable viral loads remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate host plasma metabolomics and targeted plasma proteomics in a Swedish HIV-1 cohort including EC and treatment-naïve viremic progressors (VP) as well as HIV-negative individuals (HC) to get insights into EC phenotype. Metabolites belonging to antioxidant defense had higher levels in EC relative to VP, whereas inflammation markers were increased in VP compared with EC. Only four plasma proteins (CCL4, CCL7, CCL20, and NOS3) were increased in EC compared with HC, and CCL20/CCR6 axis can play an essential role in EC status. Our study suggests that low-level inflammation and oxidative stress at physiological levels could be important factors contributing to elite control phenotype.

The central role of the glutamate metabolism in long-term antiretroviral treated HIV-infected individuals with metabolic syndrome

“…Untargeted metabolite profiling was carried out by Metabolon Inc. (Durham, NC, USA) using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) as described earlier [ 15 , 29 ]. Data was normalized to sample volume, log-normalized, and minimum-imputed as given by the proprietary pipeline of the provider.…”

“…In a subset of samples PLWH with MetS ( n = 31) and without MetS ( n = 27) we performed immunophenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for transporter expression of glucose transporter (Glut1), monocarboxylic acid transporters (MCT-1), and glutamate/cystine transporter xCT on T-cells (CD4 + and CD8 + ) and monocytes (classical, intermediate and non-classical) as described by us recently [ 29 ]. All cells were stained with Live/Dead fixable near IR dye (Invitrogen), and cell surface markers were detected by incubating cells with relevant antibodies for 20 min on ice in flow cytometry buffer (antibodies listed in Supplementary Table 4 ).…”

Central role of the glutamate metabolism in long-term antiretroviral treated HIV-infected individuals with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional cohort study

“…Untargeted metabolite profiling was carried out by Metabolon Inc. (Durham, NC, USA) using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) as described earlier. 11,12 Data was normalized to sample volume, log-normalized, and minimum-imputed as given by the proprietary pipeline of the provider. The metabolomics method is ISO 9001:2015 certified and the lab is accredited by the College of American Pathologists (CAP), USA.…”

A distinct metabolic profile associated with a fatal outcome in COVID-19 patients during early epidemic in Italy

“…Plasma untargeted metabolomics was performed by Global Metabolomics (HD4) in Metabolon, (USA) as previously described [9]. The metabolomics method is ISO 9001:2015 certified and the lab is accredited by the College of American Pathologist (CAP), USA.…”