Distinctive expression patterns of 185/333 genes in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: an unexpectedly diverse family of transcripts in response to LPS, β-1,3-glucan, and dsRNA

Terwilliger, David P.; Buckley, Katherine M.; Brockton, Virginia; Ritter, Nicole J; Smith, L. Courtney

doi:10.1186/1471-2199-8-16

Cited by 83 publications

(279 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Moreover, it has been found that diversification of FREPs is generated through gene conversion and point mutation [18]. Diversification of innate immune effectors has also been found in other invertebrates, leading to general reconsideration of invertebrate immune capabilities [19][20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibrinogen-bearing protein genes in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata: Characterization of two novel genes and expression studies during ontogenesis and trematode infection

Zhang

Nian

Zeng

et al. 2008

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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All fibrinogen (FBG)-bearing proteins documented to date in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, possess the same molecular structure; one or two immunoglobin superfamily (IgSF) domains at the N-terminus and a FBG domain at the C-terminus (named as FBG-related protein (FREP)). Here we report two novel genes that encode FBG-bearing proteins from B. glabrata. Different from all known FREPs, the first gene encodes a protein (657 amino acids (aa)) composed of a long N-terminal region with no sequence homology to any known protein, a middle epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeat region and a Cterminal FBG domain, designated FBG-related molecule (FReM). A differential expression at 2 days post exposure (dpe) to the trematode S. mansoni or Echinostoma paraensei has been found in the S. mansoni susceptible M line and resistant BS-90 snail strains. The second gene is a new member of the FREP family, designated FREP14, which encodes a 399 aa putative secreted protein. FREP14 is different from known FREPs in that it is encoded by a single locus and is not upregulated in early or late stage S. mansoni exposure, but is upregulated in late stage E. paraensei infection. Furthermore, gene expression during the snail's ontogenesis and at a late stage of trematode-infection (52 dpe) has been investigated in the two newly-identified genes (FReM and FREP14) described in this paper and five representative members of known FREPs (FREPs 2,3,4,12,and 13). A variety of expression patterns were observed, suggestive of functional diversity among the members of FBG-bearing proteins. Our findings further broaden our understanding of the diversity and function of the FBGbearing protein encoded genes in B. glabrata.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibrinogen-bearing protein genes in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata: Characterization of two novel genes and expression studies during ontogenesis and trematode infection

Zhang

Nian

Zeng

et al. 2008

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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“…Northern blots also showed striking increases in 185/333 expression in coelomocytes from bacterially activated sea urchins compared with injury controls (9). Based on this significant increase in gene expression, 185/333 transcripts were investigated in more detail, revealing an unexpected level of sequence diversity (8,11). To date, for 185/ 333 cDNAs, 689 have been characterized from 14 sea urchins.…”

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confidence: 98%

“…To date, for 185/ 333 cDNAs, 689 have been characterized from 14 sea urchins. These sequences are predicted to encode 286 different proteins (11,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions or deletions (indels) are also frequent in all 185/333 sequences, adding to diversity. Additionally, there are surprisingly high levels of frame shifts and the insertion of early stop codons in the mRNA sequences (11). The processes that generate this diversity among 185/333 mRNAs are not yet well defined, but they may include differences among the estimated fifty 185/333 gene loci (11,13,14), high levels of allelic polymorphism at each locus, RNA editing, and/or low-fidelity RNA polymerases (15), followed by posttranslational modifications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, there are surprisingly high levels of frame shifts and the insertion of early stop codons in the mRNA sequences (11). The processes that generate this diversity among 185/333 mRNAs are not yet well defined, but they may include differences among the estimated fifty 185/333 gene loci (11,13,14), high levels of allelic polymorphism at each locus, RNA editing, and/or low-fidelity RNA polymerases (15), followed by posttranslational modifications. All of these processes may have been driven by positive selection associated with anti-pathogen defense (8,11,12,14).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Highly Variable Immune-Response Proteins (185/333) from the Sea Urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Proteomic Analysis Identifies Diversity within and between Individuals

Dheilly

Nair

Smith

et al. 2009

The Journal of Immunology

136

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185/333 genes and transcripts from the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, predict high levels of amino acid diversity within the encoded proteins. Based on their expression patterns, 185/333 proteins appear to be involved in immune responses. In the present study, one- and two-dimensional Western blots show that 185/333 proteins exhibit high levels of molecular diversity within and between individual sea urchins. The molecular masses of 185/333-positive bands or spots range from 30 to 250 kDa with a broad array of isoelectric points. The observed molecular masses are higher than those predicted from mRNAs, suggesting that 185/333 proteins form strong associations with other molecules or with each other. Some sea urchins expressed >200 distinct 185/333 proteins, and each animal had a unique suite of the proteins that differed from all other individuals. When sea urchins were challenged in vivo with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs; bacterial LPS and peptidoglycan), the expression of 185/333 proteins increased. More importantly, different suites of 185/333 proteins were expressed in response to different PAMPs. This suggests that the expression of 185/333 proteins can be tailored toward different PAMPs in a form of pathogen-specific immune response.

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Echinoderm Immunity

Smith¹,

Ghosh²,

Buckley³

et al. 2010

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

151

138

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Distinctive expression patterns of 185/333 genes in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: an unexpectedly diverse family of transcripts in response to LPS, β-1,3-glucan, and dsRNA

Cited by 83 publications

References 53 publications

Fibrinogen-bearing protein genes in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata: Characterization of two novel genes and expression studies during ontogenesis and trematode infection

Fibrinogen-bearing protein genes in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata: Characterization of two novel genes and expression studies during ontogenesis and trematode infection

Highly Variable Immune-Response Proteins (185/333) from the Sea Urchin,Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Proteomic Analysis Identifies Diversity within and between Individuals

Echinoderm Immunity

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