Distinguishing of carbons and oxidation behaviour (Part 1): Exploring model-free kinetics and RAMAN spectroscopy as a synergistic approach for evaluating carbon-bonded-refractories

Optimisation of The Value in-use of The Refractory Submerged Entry Nozzle: Implication of preheating failures

“…The G peak is the sp2 representation of the bonding in graphitic samples and its shift in position can be used to assign stress/strain distribution. The 2D appears to indicate stacking/thickness of the planar structure of graphitic samples [90] Temperature profile and Gas-Switch instances are also depicted in each graph [24]. .. 60 Figure 18.…”

“…c) Graphical illustration of compensation effect displaying the linearity between "ln A" and activation energy. d) Shows the activation energy values for both KAS and OFW with respect to conversion (KAS displaying higher kinetic parameters but sharing the same trend) [24] Table 1. An EDX elemental analysis of the Virgin SEN, highlighting the major composition of elemental aluminium and silicon present that make up the refractory. These metals in the form of alumina and silica were observed by utilising ATR-FTIR analysis in conjunction.…”

“…In this study, the integrated carbon in the SEN will be used as a marker to track and profile the refractory behaviour using sophisticated, yet simple to use techniques [24]. In terms of tracking carbon, the main technique and approach investigated will be the use of Raman spectroscopy and its synergy with Model-Free Kinetics (MFK) [24].…”

“…In this study, the integrated carbon in the SEN will be used as a marker to track and profile the refractory behaviour using sophisticated, yet simple to use techniques [24]. In terms of tracking carbon, the main technique and approach investigated will be the use of Raman spectroscopy and its synergy with Model-Free Kinetics (MFK) [24]. Their extensive flexibility in dealing with varying sample geometries, simple sample preparation needs, sensitivity for detecting different carbon phases and efficiency in analysis time, makes them an excellent candidate for the purpose of this work.…”

“…In the case of MFK, the ability to measure kinetics (and in some cases extrapolate thermodynamics) directly from thermo-analytical data alone, without prior knowledge of reaction mechanism or models, makes it a valuable approach in the assessment of the SEN 6 [24,26,27]. The adoption of this technique should help overcome a myriad of sample challenges and with minimal sample preparation required.…”