Distinguishing schizophrenic patients from healthy controls by quantitative measurement of eye movement parameters

Arolt, Volker; Teichert, Hans-Martin; Steege, D.; Lencer, R. M.; Heide, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00479-4

Cited by 29 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…However, recent functional neuroimaging studies demonstrate an involvement of frontal premotor (oculomotor) and parietal areas, the cerebellum, and the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus in IOR (Rosen et al, 1999;Lepsien and Pollmann, 2002;Mayer et al, 2004a, b). Undoubtedly, both oculomotor abnormalities and frontal cortex dysfunction belong to the most robust findings of biological schizophrenia research (Holzman, 1985;Sereno and Holzman, 1995;Arolt et al, 1998;Weinberger et al, 1986Weinberger et al, , 2001). More recently, abnormalities of thalamic and cerebellar function and abnormalities in the functional interplay between different areas such as the prefrontal and temporolimbic cortex, the thalamus, basal ganglia, and the cerebellum ('disconnectivity') have also been suggested as indicative of the schizophrenic disorder (Andreasen et al, 1998;Meyer-Lindenberg et al, 2001;Schlosser et al, 2003;Ragland et al, 2004;Hulshoff Pol et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Return in the Human 5HT2A Agonist and NMDA Antagonist Model of Psychosis

Gouzoulis-Mayfrank

Heekeren

Neukirch

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Patients with schizophrenia exhibit disturbances of orienting of attention. However, findings have been inconsistent. Pharmacologic challenges with hallucinogens have been used as models for psychosis. The NMDA antagonist state (PCP, ketamine) resembles undifferentiated psychoses with positive and negative symptoms, while the 5-HT 2A agonist state (LSD, dimethyltryptamine (DMT)) is thought to be an appropriate model for psychoses with prominent positive symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate orienting of attention in the human NMDA antagonist and 5-HT 2A agonist models of psychosis. A total of 15 healthy volunteers participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study with a low and a high dose of DMT and S-ketamine, which elicited subtle 'prepsychotic' or fullblown psychotic symptoms (low and high dose, respectively). Nine subjects completed both experimental days with the two doses of both drugs. Overall, both hallucinogens slowed down reaction times dose dependently (DMT 4S-ketamine) and DMT diminished the general response facilitating (alerting) effect of spatially neutral cues. Inhibition of Return (IOR), that is, the normal reaction time disadvantage for validly cued trials with exogenous cues and long cue target intervals, was blunted after both doses of DMT and the low dose of S-ketamine. IOR reflects an automatic, inhibitory mechanism of attention, which is thought to protect the organism from redundant, distracting sensory information. In conclusion, our data suggest a deficit of IOR in both hallucinogen models of psychosis, with the effect being clearer in the serotonin model. Blunted IOR may underlie or predispose to different psychotic manifestations, but particularly to those with prominent positive symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Return in the Human 5HT2A Agonist and NMDA Antagonist Model of Psychosis

Gouzoulis-Mayfrank

Heekeren

Neukirch

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…Still others have suggested that indeed schizophrenia patients have repeatedly been demonstrated to undershoot the target (hypometria) during reflexive saccade tasks (Arolt, Teichert, Steege, Lencer, & Heide, 1998) (see Figure 1b). Crawford (1995) attributed the inconsistencies across studies to “insensitive recording techniques and other methodological shortcomings.” Thus, as observed by Clementz (1990), there has been some ambiguity about the normality of the characteristics of reflexive saccades in schizophrenia.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Eye movement dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analytic evaluation of candidate endophenotypes

Calkins

Iacono

Ones

2008

Brain and Cognition

110

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Several forms of eye movement dysfunction (EMD) are regarded as promising candidate endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Discrepancies in individual study results have led to inconsistent conclusions regarding particular aspects of EMD in relatives of schizophrenia patients. To quantitatively evaluate and compare the candidacy of smooth pursuit, saccade and fixation deficits in first-degree biological relatives, we conducted a set of meta-analytic investigations. Among 16 measures of EMD, memory-guided saccade accuracy and error rate, global smooth pursuit dysfunction, intrusive saccades during fixation, antisaccade error rate and smooth pursuit closed loop gain emerged as best differentiating relatives from controls (standardized mean differences ranged from .46 to .66), with no significant differences among these measures. Anticipatory saccades, but no other smooth pursuit component measures were also increased in relatives. Visually-guided reflexive saccades were largely normal. Moderator analyses examining design characteristics revealed few variables affecting the magnitude of the meta-analytically observed effects. Moderate effect sizes of relatives v. controls in selective aspects of EMD supports their endophenotype potential. Future work should focus on facilitating endophenotype utility through attention to heterogeneity of EMD performance, relationships among forms of EMD, and application in molecular genetics studies.

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“…This finding is potentially relevant to understanding smoking patterns in schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, hypofrontality is perhaps the most frequently reported electrophysiological symptom (see Buchsbaum, 1990 for review), and impaired AS performance has been clearly demonstrated (Arolt et al, 1998;Crawford et al, 1995;Fukushima et al, 1988;Fukushima et al, 1990a;Fukushima et al, 1990b;Karoumi et al, 1998;Sereno and Holzman, 1995;Thacker et al, 1989). Furthermore, this population shows a much greater rate of cigarette smoking than the norm (deLeon, 1996;deLeon et al, 1995;Hughes et al, 1986;Lawrie et al, 1995;Lohr and Flynn, 1992;O'Farrell et al, 1983;Ziedonis et al, 1994).…”

Section: Antisaccades Frontal Lobe Function and Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine improves antisaccade task performance without affecting prosaccades

Larrison

Briand

Sereno

2004

Human Psychopharmacology

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Although there is ample evidence for a cognitive-attentional benefit of the stimulant nicotine, the source of this benefit is not as well understood. One approach is to address what aspects of performance nicotine affects at a functional systems level. It is currently debated whether the benefits produced by nicotine are the effect of enhanced higher cognitive function or reflect an overall increase in general arousal. In order to address this question, the effects of nicotine on two simple eye movement tasks were studied: the saccade (S) and antisaccade (AS) tasks. Because the S and AS tasks utilize identical sensory stimuli (peripheral targets) and require identical motor responses (eye movements) but differ significantly in their cognitive demands, the use of these two tasks should enable a parsing of nicotine effects on cognitive versus sensory-motor processes. In this study, the S and AS tasks were performed by two experimental groups, task naïve subjects and highly practised subjects. For the first group, that of the task naïve subjects, nicotine gum administration resulted in a decrease in AS errors. For the second group, that of two experienced subjects tested repeatedly over a 3 week period, nicotine also produced a significant decrease in AS task errors, as well as resulting in a significant decrease in AS response times. Neither task naïve nor experienced subjects showed any effects of nicotine on the S task. Examining the effects of nicotine on highly controlled and constrained tasks such as the S and AS task may provide another level of insight into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial cognitive effects of nicotine.

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Distinguishing schizophrenic patients from healthy controls by quantitative measurement of eye movement parameters

Cited by 29 publications

References 63 publications

Inhibition of Return in the Human 5HT2A Agonist and NMDA Antagonist Model of Psychosis

Inhibition of Return in the Human 5HT2A Agonist and NMDA Antagonist Model of Psychosis

Eye movement dysfunction in first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analytic evaluation of candidate endophenotypes

Nicotine improves antisaccade task performance without affecting prosaccades

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