“…The main contributions of this work can be stated as follows: The novelties of the proposed algorithm compared with the existing works on networked Lagrangian systems include: (i) independence on the knowledge of system models; (ii) explicit consideration of agent's intrinsic complex dynamics; and (iii) simplicity of implementing the procedure in practice. For example, different from the coordinated tracking algorithms for nonlinear Lagrangian systems [5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], the designed pinning algorithm does not rely on the linear parameterization property, and does not require the prerequisite knowledge of system models, such as the inertial matrix, the Coriolis and centrifugal torques, and the gravitational torque. In contrast to the passivity-based approach for synchronization [1,6,7], the algorithm proposed in this article does not rely on the passivity property of the systems.…”