Distributed Convergecast Scheduling for Reduced Interference in Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks

Abstract

Emerging wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) technology has the potential to enable semi-autonomous air-flow control to improve the aerodynamic performance of aircraft. In this paper, a WSAN topology comprising of multiple linear sensor clusters terminated by actuators is proposed for active flow control. Two interference aware convergecast scheduling strategies are presented and analyzed, with the objective of jointly minimizing latency and energy consumption. The proposed schemes are required to coordinate local convergecast communications in each cluster, on the one hand, and to arbitrate between mutually interfering nodes of different clusters contending for the wireless channel, on the other. Initial results show that a 19s and 11s convergecast delay moderate to high energy consumption can be achieved.

Development and validation of a simulator for wireless data acquisition in gas turbine engine testing

“…Furthermore, from the viewpoint of software simulation, only the total BER is needed in order to approximate experimental results and it is not necessary for the simulator to distinguish between the effect of the ISI and environmental RF interference. This can be easily verified by studying equations (9)- (11). In summary, the simulator is updated by adding an extra B R item α into equations (9)-(11) as follows:…”

“…The signal-noise-ratio per bit is calculated as (8) where W is the bandwidth depending on the PHY layer and R b is the bit rate depending on the modulation scheme. Given a specific digital modulation scheme, the BER is calculated by (9) for DBPSK/DQPSK, and (10) for M-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) without CCK, and (11) for M-ary QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) with CCK. Thus, the possibility of correctly receiving a packet is (12) where l is the packet length in bits.…”

Interference‐aware convergecast scheduling in wireless sensor/actuator networks for active airflow control applications

“…The goal of PLS is to maximize the number of linear clusters communicating in parallel. Only one sensor is transmitting at any given time per cluster.…”

“…This is a convergecast protocol design problem, where convergecast is the data collection process of all sensors in the network sending data to a base station within a relatively short period (i.e., a sampling interval in the active control application). Although a number of contention‐based protocols (e.g., carrier sensing multiple access (CSMA)) have been proposed for convergecast, considering the periodic nature of the data traffic in most control applications, the deterministic scheduling policies such as time division multiple access (TDMA) algorithms can provide better performance in terms of spatial reuse, latency, and jitter . In TDMA, the time domain is sliced into time slots with multiple interfering transmissions assigned to different time slots.…”

“…This paper is an extension of our previous work on TDMA‐based hop‐by‐hop WSAN convergecast scheduling strategies, where serial line scheduling (SLS) and parallel line scheduling (PLS) policies were studied. We now propose a new hybrid line scheduling (HLS) algorithm to further improve the latency performance, and the extensions are threefold: (i) a hybrid line scheduling scheme; (ii) the energy consumption analysis; and (iii) the relationship between hop separation and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR).…”