“…In the past, many persistent memory technologies have been proposed, such as Phase Change Memory [49], STT-RAM [30], and ReRAM [28], but the release of Intel Optane DC PMEM in 2019 ushered in an era of new programming models, interfaces [48,62], file systems [46,65], caching systems [63], and database indexes [38,51]. PMEM is a byte-addressable storage device that can be accessed via hardware load/stores through the on-chip memory controller and is placed on the DIMM slots; PMEM can be configured in Memory (direct-mapped cache) or AppDirect mode (BAS).…”