Distributed demand response market model for facilitating wind power integration

Abstract

To cope with wind power uncertainty, balancing authorities are required to procure adequate ancillary services (ASs) with the aim of maintaining the security of the power system operation. The transmission system operator (TSO) is responsible for maintaining the balance between supply and demand in delivery hours. Besides the generating units, demand response (DR) has the potential capabilities to be considered as a source of AS. The demand-side AS can be used both locally (by the local entities in distribution networks) and system-wide (by the TSO). However, the optimal coordination between the local and global beneficiaries is a challenging task. This study proposes a distributed DR market model, in which the DR is traded as a public good among the providers and beneficiaries through the local DR markets. The local DR markets can be run in each load bus to trade the DR provided by retail customers connected to that bus with the buyers. To include the interactions between the energy/reserve market and the local DR markets, a bi-level programming model is proposed. The bi-level problem is translated into a single-level mixed-integer linear programming problem using the duality theorem. The proposed model is verified by simple and realistic case studies. Remark 1: Some of the abovementioned constants and variables incorporate superscript U, D, NS when referring to the upward, downward, or non-spinning reserve/DR, respectively. Remark 2: A variable, function, or parameter written in bold without one or more indices is a vector form representing the corresponding quantities. For example, the symbol P t S represents the vector of scheduled power of generating units during period t.

Developments and Challenges in Local Electricity Markets: A Comprehensive Review

“…[5] and [4], this interaction specifically deserves further attention in future literature and its effects on individual prosumers might not be fully mapped today. x x [62] x [99] x x [100] x [101] x [102] x x x [103] x x x [104] x x x [105] x x x x [48] x x x x [106] x x x [107] x x [108] x [109] x x [110] x x [111] x x x [112] x x [113] x x x [114] x x x [115] x x x [116] x x [117] x…”

“…An important next step is to incorporate grid challenges into the mathematical formulation, either directly or indirectly, ensuring that the imposed impact on the physical layer is feasible and does not cause further issues, as presented in Section II. x x [107] x x x [108] x x [109] x x [110] x x [112] x x [115] x x x [116] x x x [117] x x x [119] x x x [120] x x [121] x x x [122] x x x [81] x x [128] x x [129] x x x [133] x x [134] x x x [137] x [138] x x x [139] x x x [140] x [141] x x x [142] x x x [86] x x x x [143] x x [144] x…”

“…In Ref. [116], the DSO performs an AC PF analysis after each market clearing and informs the D R A F T x x [70] x x [94] x x x [95] x x [96] x x x x [97] x x [98] x x x [62] x x x x [99] x x x x [100] x x x x [101] x x x [102] x x x [103] x x x [104] x x [105] x x [48] x [107] x x x x [108] x x [109] x x x [110] x x x [111] x x x [112] x x x [156] x x x x [113] x x x [114] x x x [115] x x [116] x x [117] x x [118] x x [119] x x [120] x x [121] x x [122] x x [123] x x x [124] x x x [125] x x x x [81] x x x x [126] x [127] x x x [47] x [129] x x [130] x x [131] x x x [132] x x [133] x x [118] x x [134] x x x…”

“…A bi-level formulation of an upper level wholesale market and a lower level local electricity market is demonstrated in Ref. [112]. The upper level market facilitates trade between large generators (thermal plants, hydropower plants, wind power plants), while the lower level market facilitates trade between distributed generation, electric vehicles and demand D R A F T response units.…”

A hybrid robust‐stochastic approach for optimal scheduling of interconnected hydrogen‐based energy hubs

“…Indeed, these relations indicate an operation region for the CHP unit, namely a feasible operation region (FOR), that is shown in Figure 3. Equations (8) and 9show the limitations of generating power and heat via the CHP unit, respectively. The maximum electrical and thermal power productions of units are stated as P CHP A and H CHP B , respectively.…”