Distributed Environmental Monitoring

Abstract

With increasingly ubiquitous use of web-based technologies in society high-resolution temporal data to better decision-making is discussed.

Properties and Customization of Sensor Materials for Biomedical Applications

“…Thanks to their high conductivity and large surface-to-volume ratio, small changes on the conformation or displacement of the immobilized bioreceptors can be detected (243,244). This transduction mechanism has been reported in field-effect transistors (FET) (2,69,245,246) and may provide the basis of future devices like sensor-based bioelectronic noses and tongues (114,236,247), although, at present, the response patterns obtained by these devices are not stable over time (2). This is a serious limitation in bioelectronic tongues and noses, although their potential to extract complex information from the sensor array seems very powerful (2).…”

“…Low-power chemo-and biosensing devices capable of monitoring clinically important parameters in real time represent a great challenge in the analytical field as the issue of sensor calibration pertaining to keeping the response within an accurate calibration domain is particularly significant (1)(2)(3)(4). Diagnostics, personal health, and related costs will also benefit from the introduction of sensors technology (5)(6)(7).…”

Sensing and Sensor Fundamentals

“…Optical and optical fiber sensors are used for ambient monitoring of humidity and • temperature, as well as for monitoring atmospheric gases (SO 2 , NO 2 , O 2 H 2 , CH 4 , NH 3 ) (Diamond, et al, 2013, Zhang, et al, 2010, Borisov, et al, 2011 Electrochemical sensors are used for atmospheric gases monitoring (O • 3 , CO, H 2 S, H 2 , NO, NO 2 , SO 2 ) (Mead, et al, 2013, Bales, et al, 2012, Kumar, et al, 2011, Korotcenkov, et al, 2009 …”

Opportunities and challenges of using ion-selective electrodes in environmental monitoring and wearable sensors

“…The list of detectable analytes with ISEs today approaches 100 species and ISEs offer also an extended dynamic range (in some case more than eight order of magnitude) which is a not so common feature of analytical methods [15]. Although more than ten analytes were reported to be detectable at nano-and, in some favourable cases, at pico-molar ranges [15] often this is not done in real samples [16]. Indeed, for trace element in environmental monitoring ISEs have to catch up with voltammetric probes (based on stripping analysis) whose sensing platform are already at commercial level although at very prohibitive cost [16].…”

“…Although more than ten analytes were reported to be detectable at nano-and, in some favourable cases, at pico-molar ranges [15] often this is not done in real samples [16]. Indeed, for trace element in environmental monitoring ISEs have to catch up with voltammetric probes (based on stripping analysis) whose sensing platform are already at commercial level although at very prohibitive cost [16]. In this regard, it is worthwhile to note that European directives play an important role in matter of environmental legislation and development of new devices using priority hazardous substances, e.g., mercury, as reported in the Water Framework Directive (WFD), leads to a commercial dead-end and a waste of resources [3].…”