“…Though many GM algorithms have been developed [1]- [11], the proposed algorithm in this work is the first optimization scheme to tackle the GM problem in a distributed way. 3) Third, the proposed distributed GM approach is secure to the extent that the physical agents' identities remain unknown to the user; in contrast, many existing works related to cyber-physical multiagent systems, for example, [22], [26]- [29], [31], and [32], often require knowledge of all agents' indices in their designed algorithms. Furthermore, our proposed method is applicable for various cyber-physical networks, including formations of mobile robots or UAVs [26], [27], [31]; physicaldigital twin [28], [29]; and smart grids and multilayer networks [22], [32], as we have explained above.…”