Distributed Hydrostatic Pressure Measurement Using Phase-OTDR in a Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber

Mikhailov, S. G.; Zhang, Li; Geernaert, Thomas; Berghmans, Francis; Thévenaz, Luc

doi:10.1109/jlt.2019.2904756

Cited by 29 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Nevertheless, there are some challenges in developing distributed solar irradiance sensing technology. In distributed sensing, an optical fiber cable serves as a continuous data transmission and sensing element, in which light-matter interactions occurring along the fiber allow the retrieval of information about the local properties at any given position in the cable (e.g., temperature [22][23][24], pressure [25][26][27], or strain [28][29][30]). Depending on the distributed sensing method, the exploited light-matter interactions can be originated by Rayleigh, Brillouin, or Raman scattering, which are mostly temperature or strain dependent [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Range Distributed Solar Irradiance Sensing Using Optical Fibers

Magalhães

Costa

Martín‐López

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Until recently, the amount of solar irradiance reaching the Earth surface was considered to be a steady value over the years. However, there is increasing observational evidence showing that this quantity undergoes substantial variations over time, which need to be addressed in different scenarios ranging from climate change to solar energy applications. With the growing interest in developing solar energy technology with enhanced efficiency and optimized management, the monitoring of solar irradiance at the ground level is now considered to be a fundamental input in the pursuit of that goal. Here, we propose the first fiber-based distributed sensor able of monitoring ground solar irradiance in real time, with meter scale spatial resolutions over distances of several tens of kilometers (up to 100 km). The technique is based on an optical fiber reflectometry technique (CP-ϕOTDR), which enables real time and long-range high-sensitivity bolometric measurements of solar radiance with a single optical fiber cable and a single interrogator unit. The method is explained and analyzed theoretically. A validation of the method is proposed using a solar simulator irradiating standard optical fibers, where we demonstrate the ability to detect and quantify solar irradiance with less than a 0.1 W/m2 resolution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Range Distributed Solar Irradiance Sensing Using Optical Fibers

Magalhães

Costa

Martín‐López

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…In the last 30 years, many environmental sensing problems have been addressed using optical fiber sensors [9]- [11], including pressure measurement. Single-point [12]- [14] as well as distributed [15]- [17] fiber optic sensors have been proposed for pressure measurement, but the most explored are undeniably, the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based sensors [14]. Indeed, fiber optic sensors, including FBGs, can offer attractive features such as intrinsic safety, immunity to electromagnetic fields, remote sensing and powering, multiplexing capabilities, and ruggedness [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rugged FBG-Based Pressure Sensor for Water Level Monitoring in Dikes

et al. 2021

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This paper describes the implementation of an FBG sensor to measure water levels in a dike. The sensor is based on a 3D-printed mechanical transducer through which the external pressure is converted into longitudinal strain exerted on the fiber. An additional FBG integrated within the sensor measures temperature and is used to compensate for the temperature effects on the first FBG. By employing an aluminum alloy case, the sensor is suitable for operations in harsh environments and rough installation procedures. Four sensors of this kind have been successfully tested on a real scale dike at the Water Proof Holland facility in The Netherlands.

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“…The correlation between the measured and the reference spectra generates a correlation peak at a frequency detuning, and it is proportional to the temperature and strain variations 21 . Based on the correlation between two orthogonal polarization spectra, the frequency-scanning φ-OTDR allows for distributed birefringence and hydrostatic pressure measurements 28,29 . In order to realize the fast measurements, the wavelength scanning is enabled by using the laser current modulation with a saw-tooth signal 30 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-sensitivity distributed dynamic strain sensing by combining Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering

Wang¹,

Ba²,

Chu³

et al. 2020

Opto-Electronic Advances

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The phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) is a good candidate for distributed dynamic strain sensing, due to its high sensitivity and fast measurement, which has already been widely used in intrusion monitoring, geophysical exploration, etc. For the frequency scanning based φ-OTDR, the phase change manifests itself as a shift of the intensity distribution. The correlation between the reference and measured spectra is employed for relative strain demodulation, which has imposed the continuous measurement for the absolute strain demodulation. Fortunately, the Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) allows for the absolute strain demodulation with only one measurement. In this work, the combination of the φ-OTDR and BOTDA has been proposed and demonstrated by using the same set of frequency-scanning optical pulses, and the frequency-agile technique is also introduced for fast measurements. A 9.9 Hz vibration with a strain range of 500 nε has been measured under two different absolute strains (296.7με and 554.8 με) by integrating the Rayleigh and Brillouin information. The sub-micro strain vibration is demonstrated by the φ-OTDR signal with a high sensitivity of 6.8 nε, while the absolute strain is measured by the BOTDA signal with an accuracy of 5.4 με. The proposed sensor allows for dynamic absolute strain measurements with a high sensitivity, thus opening a door for new possibilities which are yet to be explored.

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Distributed Hydrostatic Pressure Measurement Using Phase-OTDR in a Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber

Cited by 29 publications

References 19 publications

Long-Range Distributed Solar Irradiance Sensing Using Optical Fibers

Long-Range Distributed Solar Irradiance Sensing Using Optical Fibers

A Rugged FBG-Based Pressure Sensor for Water Level Monitoring in Dikes

High-sensitivity distributed dynamic strain sensing by combining Rayleigh and Brillouin scattering

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