Distributed ice accretion sensor for smart aircraft structures

Gerardi, J. J.; Hickman, Granger

doi:10.2514/6.1989-772

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…(2) This equation relates the capacitance change to diaphragm deflection, i\x . For a lxlmm diaphragm suspended 2j.tm above the electrodes, in air, the nominal capacitance is O.6pf.+ The capacitance change due to a change in gap spacing becomes AC=-Ax.…”

Section: Resonant Diaphragm Imentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Microfabricated ice-detection sensor</title>

1997

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Knowledgeof ice conditions on important aircraft lift and control surfaces is critical for safe operation. These conditions can be determined with conventional ice-detection sensors, but these sensors are often expensive, require elaborate installation procedures, and interrupt the airflow. A micromachined, silicon-based, flush-mounted sensor which generates no internal heat has been designed, batch fabricated, packaged, and tested. The sensor is capable of distinguishing between an ice-covered and a clean surface. It employs a bulk micromachined wafer with a 7ktm-thick, boron-doped, silicon diaphragm which serves as one plate of a parallel-plate capacitor. This is bonded to a second silicon wafer which contains the fixed electrodes --one to drive the diaphragm by application of a voltage, the other to measure the deflection by a change in capacitance. The diaphragm sizes ranged from lxlmm to 3x3mm, and the gap between parallel-plate capacitors is 2_tm. A 200V d.c. was applied to the driving electrode which caused the capacitance to increase approximately 0.6pf --from a nominal capacitance of 0.6pf --when the surface was ice free. After the sensor was cooled below the freezing point of water, the same voltage range was applied to the drive electrode.The capacitance increased by the same amount. Then a drop of water was placed over the diaphragm and allowed to freeze. This created an approximately 2mm-thick ice layer. The applied 200V d.c. produced no change in capacitance, confirming that the diaphragm was locked to the ice layer. Since the sensor uses capacitive actuation, it uses very little power and is an ideal candidate for inclusion in a wireless sensing system.

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Section: Resonant Diaphragm Imentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Microfabricated ice-detection sensor</title>

1997

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“…The detection of ice formation cannot simply be achieved by measuring the temperature and the humidity since supercooling phenomena can happen to make water freeze at temperatures below 0 ˚C. [ 9 ] The most used physical methods for ice detection today are based on magnetostriction, [ 10 ] pyroelectric effects, [ 11 ] piezoelectric [ 12 ] technology or capacitor‐antenna. [ 13 ] Those electrical methods require proper complex data analysis to interpret the data and identify ice formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Ice Formation With the Polymeric Mixed Ionic‐Electronic Conductor PEDOT: PSS for Aeronautics

Dongo,

Hakansson,

Stoeckel

et al. 2023

Adv Elect Materials

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Ice formation detection is important in telecommunications and aeronautics, e.g., ice on the wings of an aircraft affects its aerodynamic performance and leads to fatal accidents. While many types of sensors exist, resistive sensors for ice detection have been poorly explored. They are however attractive because of their simplicity and the possibility to install an array of sensors on large areas to map the ice formation on wings. Hygroscopic ionic conductors have been demonstrated for resistive ice sensing but their high resistance prevents the readout of sensor arrays. In this work, mixed ionic‐electronic polymer conductors (MIEC) are considered for the first time for ice detection. The polymer blend poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is solution deposited on a pair of electrodes. The sensor displays an abrupt rise in electrical resistance during the transition phase between water liquid to solid. It is proposed that the morphology and electronic transport in PEDOT are affected by the freezing event because the absorbed water in the PSS‐rich phase undergoes dilatation upon forming ice crystals. For the aeronautics application, successful tests of integration of sensing layer in pre‐preg layers of aeronautical grade and freezing detection are carried out to validate the ice detection principle.

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Distributed ice accretion sensor for smart aircraft structures

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

<title>Microfabricated ice-detection sensor</title>

<title>Microfabricated ice-detection sensor</title>

Detection of Ice Formation With the Polymeric Mixed Ionic‐Electronic Conductor PEDOT: PSS for Aeronautics

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