Distributed internal strain measurement during composite manufacturing using optical fibre sensors

The effect of z-binding yarns on the electrical properties of 3D woven composites

“…Having a reliable real-time damage detection technique is essential for monitoring the integrity of 2D laminated and 3D woven composites in service especially for the non-visible damage that may lead to catastrophic failure. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques such as ultrasonic [27], optical fibres [28], acoustic emission [29] and lamb waves [30,31] have been widely used for damage detection in composites.…”

Characterisation of Damaged Tubular Composites by Acoustic Emission, Thermal Diffusivity Mapping and TSR-RGB Projection Technique

“…The use of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems has sparked interest in recent years as they can be integrated directly into a composite structure during manufacture [18,19]. Sensors and embedded networks can be used to monitor various parameters such as local stress, strain, temperature, impact, delamination, and crack propagation in-situ and in real time [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Where the use of SHM and NDE are combined, it becomes possible to carry out Bfocused^inspections using non-destructive techniques, saving both time and money.…”

“…Though non-destructive techniques (NDT) offer an insight into the performance of composite materials and the environments in which they operate, their implementation can represent significant down-time and labour costs. The use of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems has sparked interest in recent years as they can be integrated directly into a composite structure during manufacture [18,19]. Sensors and embedded networks can be used to monitor various parameters such as local stress, strain, temperature, impact, delamination, and crack propagation in-situ and in real time [19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Detection of Impact Damage in Carbon Fiber Composites Using an Electromagnetic Sensor

“…For this reason, different kinds of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques have been adopted, such as, ultrasonic testing [3,4], Eddy current technique [5][6][7], thermography [8], X-ray tomography, optical fibre sensing [9], digital image correlation (DIC) [10], Lamb waves [11] and microwave techniques (e.g., microwave imaging with an open-ended waveguide [12] and near-field microwave microscopy [13]). NDT methods play an important role in the maintenance of structural integrity by enabling timely detection before critical damage occurs.…”