Distributed modular temperature-strain sensor based on optical fiber embedded in laminated composites

Zhu, Pingyu; Xie, Xiaobo; Sun, Xiaopeng; Soto, Marcelo A.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.078

Cited by 35 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In addition, compared to those of reported results in literature, the response and relaxation properties of the strain sensor based on TiO 2 @CF/PDMS composites showed superior property [24][25][26][27]. Sensing properties of strain sensors prepared in this work were also compared to that of reported results in literature, as revealed in Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Significant strain-rate dependence of sensing behavior in TiO2@carbon fibre/PDMS composites for flexible strain sensors

Zhang

et al. 2021

J Adv Ceram

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Carbon fibre (CF) embedded into elastomeric media has been attracting incredible interest as flexible strain sensors in the application of skin electronics owing to their high sensitivity in a very small strain gauge. To further improve the sensitivity of CF/PDMS composite strain sensor, the relatively low temperature prepared TiO2 nanowire via hydrothermal route was employed herein to functionalize CF. The results showed a significant increase in the sensitivity of the TiO2@CF/PDMS composite strain sensors which was reflected by the calculated gauge factor. As the prepared TiO2 nanowire vertically embraced the surroundings of the CF, the introduced TiO2 nanowire contributed to a highly porous structure which played a predominant role in improving the sensitivity of strain sensors. Moreover, the significant strain rate dependent behavior of TiO2@CF/PDMS strain sensor was revealed when performing monotonic tests at varied strain rate. Therefore, introducing TiO2 nanowire on CF offers a new technique for fabricating flexible strain sensors with improved sensitivity for the application of flexible electronics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Significant strain-rate dependence of sensing behavior in TiO2@carbon fibre/PDMS composites for flexible strain sensors

Zhang

et al. 2021

J Adv Ceram

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“…It is therefore very important to minimize the residual strain that is transferred from the carbon fiber laminates to the loosely embedded FBGs. For this purpose, an efficient anti-stick material must be used when embedding an FBG into CFRP [18], [19]; however, the thermal conductivity of the material must secure no detrimental impact on the temperature response of the FBG. In particular, the anti-stick material must not introduce large delays in the transient of the FBG temperature response, while it must also secure no temperature offsets (errors) in steady-state measurement conditions.…”

Section: Fiber Bragg Grating Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A possible technique to deal with this unwanted cross-sensitivity is to perform temperature compensation using two FBGs [4]; one FBG being loosely embedded in CFRP to carry out strain-free temperature measurements, and another FBG being tightly embedded to measure both temperature and strain. Note that, whereas this approach has been successfully proved using anti-stick films to provide a strain-free distributed temperature profile [17], [18], the small and tight space created between the carbon fiber laminates cannot always secure a negligible impact of strain on temperature measurements [19]. It is therefore expected that the residual bending strain being transferred from the CFRP laminates to the FBG would generally induce some errors in the temperature measurements.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Residual Strain in Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors Embedded in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers

Zhu

Huang

et al. 2019

J. Lightwave Technol.

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The temperature response of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) embedded in carbon fiber reinforce polymers (CFRPs) is investigated in this paper. To provide strain-free temperature measurements, two pieces of anti-sticking materials are placed at both sides of the embedded optical fiber and between carbon fiber prepregs; thus, providing slippery surfaces that minimize the strain transfer to the FBG sensor. In particular, the impact of different anti-stick materials on the temperature and residual bending strain response of the embedded FBGs is experimentally investigated. Results demonstrate that although some materials can allow for minimum residual strain being transferred to the FBG, their thermal conductivity does not always fulfill the requirements for reliable temperature sensing. It is found out that, among the tested materials, aluminum and copper foils can provide both reliable temperature response (with negligible delay and bias) and minimum residual strain. Using such anti-stick materials, the error induced by the residual strain on FBG temperature measurements is also experimentally evaluated by applying temperature and bending loads (strain) simultaneously to the CFRP packaging. While the study is here performed for FBG-based point sensors, most of the results and conclusions are also expected to be valid for applications of embedded distributed optical fiber sensors being affected by strain-temperature cross-sensitivity issues. Index Terms-Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), fiber Bragg gratings, fiber optics, optical fiber sensors, temperature. I. INTRODUCTION C ARBON fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) have superior specific stiffness and strength over many other materials [1]. Their properties after being laminated can be tailored to design large primary structures, such as aircrafts, wind blades, and Manuscript

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“…Barker et al [ 28 ] integrated a sensor system comprising fibre optic sensors and strain gauges on the rail and bridge members of Newmarket bridge in Canada to measure the strain experienced by the bridge during the passing of trains. Zhu et al [ 29 ] proposed a smart carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) structure for distributed sensing with embedded DFOS. The CFRP package proposed in this paper provided mechanical protection to the optical fibre, enabled temperature–strain discrimination, and also facilitated the sensor’s installation to secure reliable measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributed Fibre Optic Sensor-Based Continuous Strain Measurement along Semicircular Paths Using Strain Transformation Approach

Nagulapally¹,

Shamsuddoha²,

Rajan

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Distributed fibre optic sensors (DFOS) are popular for structural health monitoring applications in large engineering infrastructure because of their ability to provide spatial strain measurements continuously along their lengths. Curved paths, particularly semicircular paths, are quite common for optical fibre placement in large structures in addition to straight paths. Optical fibre sensors embedded in a curved path configuration typically measure a component of strain, which often cannot be validated using traditional approaches. Thus, for most applications, strain measured along curved paths is ignored as there is no proper validation tool to ensure the accuracy of the measured strains. To overcome this, an analytical strain transformation equation has been developed and is presented here. This equation transforms the horizontal and vertical strain components obtained along a curved semicircular path into a strain component, which acts tangentially as it travels along the curved fibre path. This approach is validated numerically and experimentally for a DFOS installed on a steel specimen with straight and curved paths. Under tensile and flexural loading scenarios, the horizontal and vertical strain components were obtained numerically using finite element analysis and experimentally using strain rosettes and then, substituted into the proposed strain transformation equation for deriving the transformed strain values. Subsequently, the derived strain values obtained from the proposed transformation equation were validated by comparing them with the experimentally measured DFOS strains in the curved region. Additionally, this study has also shown that a localised damage to the DFOS coating will not impact the functionality of the sensor at the remaining locations along its length. In summary, this paper presents a valid strain transformation equation, which can be used for transforming the numerical simulation results into the DFOS measurements along a semicircular path. This would allow for a larger scope of spatial strains measurements, which would otherwise be ignored in practice.

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Distributed modular temperature-strain sensor based on optical fiber embedded in laminated composites

Cited by 35 publications

References 31 publications

Significant strain-rate dependence of sensing behavior in TiO2@carbon fibre/PDMS composites for flexible strain sensors

Significant strain-rate dependence of sensing behavior in TiO2@carbon fibre/PDMS composites for flexible strain sensors

Reducing Residual Strain in Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors Embedded in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers

Distributed Fibre Optic Sensor-Based Continuous Strain Measurement along Semicircular Paths Using Strain Transformation Approach

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