“…Valtonen et al (2012, p. 733) list "tools for managing a personal profile, tools for editing and publishing materials & tools for retrieving external resources and materials from different websites" as the essential components of a PLE. Vázquez and Nistal (2013) describe a perfect PLE should provide knowledge acquisition and discovery, knowledge management, knowledge exchange, communication, social media and content consumption tools, and learning management (Vázquez & Nistal, 2013, p. 38). Other researchers focus more on categorising tools and digital applications needed for a successful PLE.…”