Distributed type of actuators of shape memory alloy and its application to underwater mobile robotic mechanisms.

Fukuda, Toshio; Hosokai, Hidemi; Kikuchi, Isamu

doi:10.1299/kikaic.56.1475

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In line with our expectations, PtCl 2 proved highly effective, furnishing the corresponding phenanthrenes 8 in good yields. Likewise, cationic platinum complexes formed in situ from [PtCl 2 (PhCN) 2 ] and suitable halide sequestering agents (AgBF 4 , AgSbF 6 , NH 4 PF 6 ), [13,16,30] as well as AuCl 3 , [25,31] GaCl 3 , [23] and InCl 3 [32] showed appreciable activity, whereas RhCl 3 , RuCl 3 , and various ruthenium complexes resulted in low conversions and/or poor selectivities. Although it is difficult to rationalize the subtle outcome of the individual entries in Table 1, all salts found to be catalytically competent exhibit a "soft" character and a high affinity for p-bonds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Phenanthrenes and Polycyclic Heteroarenes by Transition‐Metal Catalyzed Cycloisomerization Reactions

Mamane¹,

Hannen²,

Fürstner³

2004

Chemistry A European J

623

254

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Readily available biphenyl derivatives containing an alkyne unit at one of their ortho-positions are converted into substituted phenanthrenes on exposure to catalytic amounts of either PtCl2, AuCl, AuCl3, GaCl3 or InCl3 in toluene. This 6-endo-dig cyclization likely proceeds through initial pi-complexation of the alkyne unit followed by interception of the resulting eta2-metal species by the adjacent arene ring. The reaction is inherently modular, allowing for substantial structural variations and for the incorporation of substituents at any site of the phenanthrene product. Moreover, it is readily extended to the heterocyclic series as exemplified by the preparation of benzoindoles, benzocarbazoles, naphthothiophenes, as well as bridgehead nitrogen heterocycles such as pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolines. Depending on the chosen catalyst, biaryls bearing halo-alkyne units can either be converted into the corresponding 10-halo-phenanthrenes or into the isomeric 9-halo-phenanthrenes; in the latter case, the concomitant 1,2-halide shift is best explained by assuming a metal vinylidene species as the reactive intermediate. The scope of this novel method for the preparation of polycyclic arenes is illustrated by the total synthesis of a series of polyoxygenated phenanthrenes that are close relatives of the anticancer agent combretastatin A-4, as well as by the total synthesis of the aporphine alkaloid O-methyl-dehydroisopiline and its naturally occurring symmetrical dimer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Phenanthrenes and Polycyclic Heteroarenes by Transition‐Metal Catalyzed Cycloisomerization Reactions

Mamane¹,

Hannen²,

Fürstner³

2004

Chemistry A European J

623

254

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“…[11] While the addition of primary and secondary alcohols to alkynes is relatively well-known, [12] reports of the addition of tertiary alcohols and phenols remain scarce. To our knowledge, there is only one report dealing with the gold-catalyzed hydrophenoxylation of alkynes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophenoxylation of Alkynes by Cooperative Gold Catalysis

et al. 2013

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“…[7] In particular, the addition of water and alcohols to alkynes, which in the case of terminal alkynes cleanly delivers the Markovnikov product, has become a kind of benchmark for gold catalysts. [8] Intramolecular reactions investigated by Kozmin and Genet have proven to be useful tools for organic synthesis. [9] In 2000 we described the formation of compound 3 from 1 and suggested the intramolecular addition of a hydroxy group to a furylsubstituted, styrene-like alkene 2 as the final step in its formation (Scheme 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11] Our work, [10] work of Krause et al, [12] and a beautiful application of Lee et al [13] subsequently demonstrated that strained allenes also react. [14] But the twofold addition of alcohols to alkynes [8] indicated that even the intermediate enol ethers can be activated for the attack of a second alcohol nucleophile by the gold catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%