Distribution and behaviour of glabrous cutaneous receptors in the human foot sole

Kennedy, Paul; Inglis, James

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013087

Cited by 353 publications

(275 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Somatosensory information from the ankle and foot was reported to be important in the postural control [29][30][31]. Here, as in a previous study, sway was worse in the most difficult balance tasks [27].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…The basic purpose of shoe inserts is to change the pressure distribution across the foot and relieve overall pain [21,28]. A secondary consideration is balance since somatosensory information from the ankle and feet is important in the postural control [29][30][31]. Off the shelf inserts are cheaper and often initially more comfortable than custom orthotics but may not provide the same kind of support that would come from an orthotic made specifically for the wearer [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Potential of Color Doppler Ultrasound Efficiency in Monitoring Diabetic Nonulcerated Neuroarthropathic (Charcot) Foot

Perciun¹

2015

Clin Res Foot Ankle

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Objective: Potential pain relief from foot pain can come from a shoe insert foot orthotic. This study assessed foot pressure distribution and balance in off the shelf foot orthotics versus a custom made foot orthotic compared to no orthotic. Methods:The subjects (8) were both men and women. The average age was 25.1 ± 2.8 years, the average weight was 68.8 ± 13.7 kg, and BMI 24.5 ± 6.4. Each patient was fit for both off the shelf and custom shoe insert foot orthotics and needed orthotics to reduce pain. Once fit, they were evaluated by standing and then walking 12 meters on a level surface while being monitored by a Tactilus Pressure Mapping system. Balance was also evaluated with a pressure platform during 8 balance tests. Results:With the subjects accomplishing quiet standing, the average pressure and peak pressure was shifted from the hind foot and forefoot to the mid foot when wearing foot inserts (p<0.05). During walking, the average pressure was significantly shifted from the forefoot and hind foot to the mid foot in both orthotic groups with the greatest reduction in forefoot pressure in the off the shelf orthotic group (p<0.05). This is especially seen when measuring the peak pressures on the foot, where, during standing the peak pressures on the fore foot were 20% higher with no orthotic than seen for the 2 orthotics tested here. Balance was best in the custom orthotic group while both orthotic groups had better balance than the no orthotic studies for the most difficult balance tests. Conclusion: At least in this small group of subjects, off the shelf foot orthotics help gait or balance but custom orthotics are better.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Color Doppler Ultrasound Efficiency in Monitoring Diabetic Nonulcerated Neuroarthropathic (Charcot) Foot

Perciun¹

2015

Clin Res Foot Ankle

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“…These results supported the hypothesis that the spikes provide relevant tactile information about body position in reference to verticality. As slow adapting receptors code the continuous pressures applied to their field (Kennedy and Inglis 2002), it can be suggested that the spikes are another indented surface that increased the body awareness and improved the spatial representation of the pressure distribution under the feet sole (Wu and Chiang 1997;Kavounoudias et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different types of mechanoreceptors [plantarsurface (PS) and deep receptors] are involved and are widely distributed under the foot sole (Kennedy and Inglis 2002). As the feet interface directly with the ground, cutaneous cues provide very detailed spatial and temporal information about the support surface properties, and about the variations of pressure under the feet that directly result from a shift of the centre of foot pressure (CoP) displacements (Maurer et al 2001;Perry 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do spike insoles enhance postural stability and plantar-surface cutaneous sensitivity in the elderly?

Palluel

Nougier

Olivier

2008

AGE

116

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Balance problems are often related to a loss of plantar-sensitivity in elderly people. The purpose of this study was to explore the contribution of plantar cutaneous inputs induced by a spike support surface to the control of stance. Nineteen elderly (mean age 69.0 years, range 62-80) and 19 young adults (mean age 25.9 years, range 21-32) were instructed to stand (standing session) or to walk (walking session) for 5 min with sandals equipped with spike insoles (spike condition). Both sessions also involved a no spike condition in which participants stood or walked for 5 min without these insoles (no spike condition). In all conditions, postural responses were assessed during unperturbed stance and were performed (1) immediately after putting the spike or the no spike insoles, and (2) 5 min after standing or walking with them. Sway parameters, such as centre of foot pressure mean location, surface area, mean speed, root mean square and median frequency on the antero-posterior and medio-lateral axes, were calculated. As postural performances are often related to plantar-surface sensitivity, cutaneous sensitivity threshold was also evaluated with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments.Although no immediate effect of the spike insoles was found, results indicated that standing or walking for 5 min with sandals equipped with spike insoles led to a significant improvement of quiet standing in the elderly. Balance improvement was also observed in young adults. The results provided evidence that wearing sandals with spike insoles can contribute, at least temporarily, to the improvement of unperturbed stance in elderly people with relatively intact plantar cutaneous sensation. Further research is needed to assess the effects of longer and discontinuous stimulations with spike insoles on postural control.

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“…Glabrous cutaneous receptors in these areas do not display background activity when unloaded. 29 Even more important is the observation that the frequency of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors rapidly reaches a plateau with an increased pressure. 30 This suggests that the more important pressure values and larger contact areas for the obese persons may perturb the sensory information arising from the slow adapting plantar receptors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing weight increases postural stability in obese and morbid obese men

et al. 2006

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Objective: To investigate the effect of weight loss on balance control in obese and morbid obese men. Methods: In a longitudinal and clinical intervention study, postural stability was measured with a force platform before and after weight loss in men. Weight loss was obtained in obese men (mean body mass index (BMI) ¼ 33.0 kg/m 2 ) by hypocaloric diet until resistance and in morbid obese men (mean BMI ¼ 50.5 kg/m 2 ) by bariatric surgery. Morbid obese men were tested before surgery, and 3 and 12 months after surgery when they had lost 20 and nearly 50% of initial body weight, respectively. Normal weight individuals (mean BMI ¼ 22.7 kg/m 2 ) were tested twice within a 6-to 12-month period to serve as control. Body fatness and fat distribution measures, and posturographic parameters of the center of foot pressure (CP) along the antero-posterior and medio-lateral axes for conditions with and without vision were performed in all subjects. Results: Weight loss averaged 12.3 kg after dieting and 71.3 kg after surgery. Body weight remained unchanged in the control group. After weight loss, nearly all measures of postural stability were improved with and without vision (i.e., CP speed and range in antero-posterior and medio-lateral axes). A strong linear relationship was observed between weight loss and improvement in balance control measured from CP speed (adjusted R 2 ¼ 0.65, Po0.001). Conclusion: Weight loss improves balance control in obese men and the extent of the improvement is directly related to the amount of weight loss. This should decrease the habitual greater risk of falling observed in obese individuals.

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Distribution and behaviour of glabrous cutaneous receptors in the human foot sole

Cited by 353 publications

References 30 publications

The Potential of Color Doppler Ultrasound Efficiency in Monitoring Diabetic Nonulcerated Neuroarthropathic (Charcot) Foot

The Potential of Color Doppler Ultrasound Efficiency in Monitoring Diabetic Nonulcerated Neuroarthropathic (Charcot) Foot

Do spike insoles enhance postural stability and plantar-surface cutaneous sensitivity in the elderly?

Reducing weight increases postural stability in obese and morbid obese men

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