Distribution and chemical coding patterns of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) neurons in the enteric nervous system of the porcine stomach cardia

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) neurons and co-localisation of CART with vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (n-NOS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and leu-enkephalin (LENK) in the enteric nervous system of the porcine gastric cardia by using a double-labelling immunofluorescence technique. CART-LI neurons were observed in the myenteric plexus (18.2±2.6%). A dense network of CART-LI nerve fibers was mainly observed in the muscular layer. CART showed co-localization mainly with VAChT, n-NOS, VIP and to a lesser degree with LENK and SP. Distribution of CART and its co-localization with other neurotransmitters suggest that this peptide plays an important role in gastric motility in the pig.

T2 Toxin-Induced Changes in Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Enteric Nervous System Within Selected Fragments of the Porcine Digestive Tract

“…On the other hand, during this study very few population of CART-LI neurons have been also noted within the gastric submucous plexus. This is a clear difference from previous studies, where neurons immunoreactive to CART have not been noted in this part of the ENS within the porcine stomach (Zacharko-Siembida and Arciszewski 2014; Rekawek et al 2015). Although the presence of CART in gastric submucous plexus seems to be compatible with observation concerning the participation of this peptide in regulation of gastric acid secretion (Okumura et al 2000; Janiuk et al 2013), the reason of this disparity between previous studies and present experiment is unclear.…”

“…Namely, in the stomach it consists of two intramural ganglionated plexuses: myenteric plexus (MP) located between longitudinal and circular muscular layers and submucous plexus (SP)—near the lamina propria of the mucosa. In the small and large intestine, submucous plexus undergoes a division to outer submucous plexus (OSP) located near internal side of the circular muscle layer and inner submucous plexus (ISP)—positioned in the same place like submucous plexus in the stomach (Gonkowski 2013; Bulc et al 2015; Rekawek et al 2015).

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Zinc Transporter 3 (Znt3) as an Active Substance in the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Esophagus

“…Its organization depends on animal species and the part of the GI tract (Timmermans et al 1997; Brown and Timmermans 2004). In esophagus and stomach, the ENS consists of the following two kinds of intramural ganglia: myenteric ganglia (MG), which are connected to each other by density network of nerves and create myenteric plexus located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers, as well as submucous ganglia (SG), which not form a plexus and situated near the lamina propria of the mucosal layer (Teixeira et al 2001; Zacharko-Siembida and Arciszewski 2014; Chiocchetti et al 2015; Rekawek et al 2015). The same types of enteric ganglia are present in small and large intestine of rodents, but contrary to esophagus and stomach, also submucous ganglia form plexus (Paulino et al 2011).…”

Immunohistochemical characteristics of porcine intrahepatic nerves under physiological conditions and after Bisphenol A administration

“…These markers are known as "gut-brain" peptides [60]. These peptides are released from the gastrointestinal tract and influence the hypothalamus, mainly, in order to properly regulate physiological responses [47]. This investigation focused upon the liver, since the small intestine is responsible for absorbing most ingested molecules and sending them directly to the liver through the hepatic portal vein [24,32].…”