Distribution and Development of Smoking Habits

Cartwright, Ann; Martin, F. M.; Thomson, J. G.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(59)92149-x

Cited by 42 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Conventionally antismoking interventions focus on preventing experimentation with cigarettes. Yet, as is well documented, 19 , 20 the majority of teenagers try a cigarette, but only a fraction of these proceed to develop a smoking habit. Consistent with this research, we found that 70 % of Californian teenagers classified as not susceptible to smoking had previously at least puffed on a cigarette.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

An improved surveillance measure for adolescent smoking?

et al. 1995

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Objective -To assess the possible use fulness and validity of a new measure to identify adolescents at risk of smoking cigarettes. Design -The new measure was compared with standard ones with respect to their ability to identify young adolescents at risk of later smoking cigarettes; and the correlation between known risk factors for smoking and both the new and the standard measure of current smoking was assessed.Setting and subjects -Cross-sectional, population-based 1992 California

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

An improved surveillance measure for adolescent smoking?

et al. 1995

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“…Finally, it is instructive to note that a number of investigators using data from interviews and questionnaires have previously observed that people who are heavy alcohol drinkers also tend to smoke heavily (Brown and Campbell, 1961;Cartwright, 1959;Dreher and Fraser, 1967;Heath, 1958;Maletzky and Klotter, 1974;McArthur et al, 1958;Walton, 1972). Attempts to explain this relationship have resulted in hypotheses about underlying addictive personalities, oral drives, anxiety states, and general neuroticism (Dreher and Fraser, 1967;Maletzky and Klotter, 1974;McArtliur et al, 1958 …”

Section: As Shown Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

FACILITATION OF HUMAN TOBACCO SELF‐ADMINISTRATION BY ETHANOL: A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS¹

Griffiths

Bigelow

Liebson

1976

J Exper Analysis Behavior

209

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T'he effect of ethaniol oin the cigarette smoking of alcoholic subjects was studied in a resi(leintial laboratory. Durinlg daily 6-hr sessions, cigarettes were obtained either by request to the ward staff or by operation of a lever (fixed-ratio 5 or 10). In a mixed sequence across (lays, sessions involved inigestion of either vehicle (orange juice) alonie or vehicle plus ethaniol (133.7 g). Dtirinig ethanol sessions, the rate of cigarette smoking increased from 26%y, to 117% of vehicle levels. A series of control studies eliminated a number of potential lbehavioral mechanismiis for the observed effect anid indicated that the ethanol-induced increase in cigarette smokinlg occutrred( tinder a variety of experimental conditions: (1) whel smoking cotild not occur coiicuirrently with ethanol or vehicle consumption; (2) when stIbjects were not allowed to socialize; (3) when ingestion of ethanol or vehicle was schedtiled for a ntzmber of consecuitive (lays; (4) when variotls doses of ethanol were administered under blind condlitionis. In control experiments, weighing unsmoked tobacco and counting the ntimber of puiffs per cigarette indicated the effect was not due to smoking less of each cigarette. The effect was not limited to the experimental sessions alone, since total daily smoking was higher on ethanol days than vehicle days.

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“…As we have shown both here and on a previous occasion (Cartwright and Martin, 1958) almost all members of the general public are aware of the hypothesis, and it is doubtful whether mere reiteration will make it more acceptable. But for every man or women who has given up smoking because of a fear of lung cancer, eight have given it up on other health grounds, and the suggestion is perhaps worth considering that a long-term campaign aimed at driving home the minor health hazards of smokingwhich are rarely denied, do not evoke powerful emotions, and which many current smokers are prepared to admit that they have experienced-might prove more effective than one concerned solely with the risks of malignant disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%