Distribution and diversity of dog parvoviruses in wild, free‐roaming and domestic canids of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Abstract

Some parvoviruses of carnivorans can infect multiple host species. Since many canine parvoviruses were only discovered recently, their host-range is still unexplored. We examined the host distribution and diversity of five dog parvoviruses in four canine populations from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, and investigated the potential for these viruses to cross the species barriers. Canine bocavirus 2 (CBoV-2) and the minute virus of canines were detected in stool from free-roaming dogs from Labrador (5/48 [10.4%] and 3/48 [6.3%], respectively) and two different CBoV-2 variants were identified. Canine bufavirus was identified in stool from free-roaming dogs (1/48, 2.1%) and foxes (3/80, 3.8%) from Labrador, but two different variants were observed in the two host species. The variant found in foxes was highly divergent from previously identified strains. Two cachavirus 1 variants, genetically similar to those circulating in other Canadian wildlife, were found in spleens from Newfoundland coyotes (3/87, 3.5%).Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) was found in stool from free-roaming dogs from Labrador (2/48, 4.2%) and in spleens from Newfoundland coyotes (3/87, 3.5%). Comparing CPV-2 sequences from these hosts to those retrieved from local symptomatic domestic dogs revealed the presence of a highly heterogeneous viral population as detected strains belonged to five different clades. The close relationship between CPV-2a strains from a dog and a coyote suggests the occurrence of viral transfer between wild and domestic canids. The identification of highly related strains with a similar molecular signature characteristic of older CPV-2 strains in free-roaming and domestic dogs suggests a probable common ancestry and that older CPV-2 strains, which have not been identified in dogs since the 1990s, persist in this part of Canada. Followup studies should evaluate samples from a larger number of animals and host species to extensively investigate the possible occurrence of cross-species transmission for recently discovered parvoviruses.

The Prevalence, genetic diversity and evolutionary analysis of Cachavirus firstly detected in northeastern China

“…In this study, Cachavirus has a higher prevalence and a larger geographical spread in northeastern China. The overall positive rate was 6.8%, which is higher than the previous report in China (1.55%) [16] and the two recent studies in Canada, which are 2.6% [15] and 3.3% [17], respectively. This survey included four provinces in the whole northeastern China, where Cachavirus spread over a larger geographical area and demonstrated a higher prevalence than in previous studies.…”

“…Cachavirus was rst detected in dogs, but it was also detected in cats in 2018-2019 [16]. In the latest study, Cachavirus was also found in wild animals such as coyotes [15,17]. And they indicated that Cachavirus has been circulating at least 10 years among wild animals.…”

Identification and Molecular Characterization of a Divergent Asian-like Canine Parvovirus Type 2b (CPV-2b) Strain in Southern Italy

“…The introduction of an Asian CPV-2c strain in Europe through dog importation in 2017, and its rapid spread in the following years, both in domestic dogs and wild carnivorans, has been documented in Italy [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. In recent years, the Asian CPV-2c variant was reported in another European country [ 15 ], as well as in Africa [ 16 ] and North America [ 17 ], supporting its progressive worldwide spread in the canine population. Nonetheless, the CPV-2a/2b strains that have been prevalent for many years in Asia have not been reported in Europe as of yet.…”

“…In the last decade, several studies have analyzed the spread of CPV-2 in domestic and wild carnivorans in Italy [ 11 , 12 ] and documented the introduction and rapid diffusion of CPV-2c strains of Asian origin (Asian CPV-2c-like strains) in the Italian canine population [ 13 , 14 ]. These strains, which have now been detected worldwide [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], are characterized by a specific set of mutations in both structural and non-structural proteins and are phylogenetically related to each other.…”

Experimental study of tropism of cultivated canine parvovirus in the immunogenesis organs of puppies

“…Over the recent years, five different antigen variants of parvovirus have emerged around the globe, which is dangerous for many animals, and new variants express pathogenity also toward felines. Despite presence of highly specific diagnostics and effective vaccines, outbreaks of parvovirus have been recorded all around the world, characterized by novel antigen variants and broadening of the range of susceptible animals and low efficacy of vaccination (Canuti et al, 2022;Singh et al, 2022). Parvoviruses (from Latin parvus -small) comprise a group of pathogenic viruses which poses a threat to both vertebrates and insects.…”