Distribution and dynamics of soil contamination with Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati eggs in Poland and prevention measures proposed after 20 years of study

Mizgajska-Wiktor, Hanna; Jarosz, Wojciech; Fogt-Wyrwas, Renata; Drzewiecka, A.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.011

Cited by 44 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Toxocara contamination prevalence varied over the course of the year, infection rate may vary depending on the season. 18,19 In this study the prevalence of Toxocara eggs detection in soil carried with seasons with higher prevalence in spring (37.2%), autumn (32.6%), In agreement with Some researchers who noticed that the presence of Toxocara eggs in sandpits located in Japan public parks, reporting a higher prevalence of eggs recovering during the autumn, spring and early summer. 20 In addition to in other countries, the highest egg prevalence have detected in these seasons 21,22 ) which is may be connected with the reproductive period of the definitive hosts in these seasons.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Comparison of the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks soils in different seasons, from 2017 to 2018, Tehran Province, Iran

Raissi

Saber

Zibaei

et al. 2020

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

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Background and objectives: Toxocariasis is one of the most important pathogens transmitted to humans through the soil. Temperature 12-37°C provides the best conditions for infecting eggs to be transmitted to humans, dogs, and other hosts. This study is preliminary in order to detect Toxocara eggs in public park soils and to study the correlation between seasons and climate variation with contamination rate. Methodology: A total of 1132 soil samples were collected over the course of the year, from 11 major parks. A centrifugal-floatation technique with the utilization of saturated sodium nitrate solution was used to examine the soil samples to recover Toxocara spp eggs. Results: Out of 1132 samples collected from public park soils, 129 (11.39%) samples were positive for Toxocara spp eggs, Laleh Park in south part showed the highest contamination rate. Contamination rate varied according to the site of parks, location with the highest rate in the south followed by center and the prevalence of eggs is high in spring and autumn without significant association. The prevalence of Toxocara spp eggs in soil associated significantly with Average temperature and rainfall (P = 0.04, 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: According to our study findings, soils of the public parks in Tehran showed as one of the main sites for contamination with Toxocara spp eggs. The prevalence of soil contamination varied according to a climate of different seasons, spring and autumn climate such as temperature and rainfall rate were considered as optimal condition for eggs development and to survive.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Comparison of the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks soils in different seasons, from 2017 to 2018, Tehran Province, Iran

Raissi

Saber

Zibaei

et al. 2020

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

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“…Similarly, the number of Toxocara eggs per sandpit sample was elevated from December to June, and highest numbers of infective Toxocara eggs were again found in January and February. Higher percentages of Toxocara contamination of playgrounds and public parks in winter and spring than in summer and autumn were also reported in other studies from Europe [23, 26], demonstrating a general pattern underlying this observation. Survival and development of Toxocara eggs depend on temperature, humidity and sunshine exposure [27, 28].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…However, this study did not take differences between host species with regard to defecation habits into account. Therefore, it may be suggested that a significant proportion were T. cati eggs as shown on Japanese sandpits [31] and in urban areas of Poland [26], as cats prefer sandy substrates for defecation rather than dogs. Building upon the model by Morgan et al [30], Nijsse et al [32] suggested cats to be the main source of Toxocara egg contamination in urban areas in the Netherlands.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal variation in the prevalence of Toxocara eggs on children’s playgrounds in the city of Hanover, Germany

2017

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BackgroundRoundworms of the genus Toxocara are worldwide distributed zoonotic parasites of carnivores. Based on case numbers and the potential impact on human health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) categorised toxocarosis as one of the most important neglected parasitic diseases. As contact with contaminated soil, e.g. in sandpits, is considered the primary transmission route, data on playground contamination are needed to assess infection risk for children. Here, playground contamination rates and their seasonal variation in the city of Hanover, Germany, were investigated.MethodsSand samples were collected monthly over a 12-month period on 46 playgrounds in the city of Hanover, Germany. In total, 1,362 samples were examined for Toxocara eggs and analysed statistically for seasonal influences on potential infection risk.ResultsContamination rates ranged from 6.5% (3/46) Toxocara positive sandpits in September to 41.3% (19/46) in February, while contamination with infective embryonated eggs varied between 2.2% (1/46) and 23.9% (11/46). Compared to September, the month with the lowest contamination rate, significantly more sandpits were positive for Toxocara eggs from January to August and in October, while the prevalence of infective Toxocara eggs was significantly increased only in January and February. Regarding egg numbers, significantly higher total counts were observed in October and from December to June, while infective egg counts were significantly increased only in January, February and April.ConclusionsCompared to data from 1985, contamination rates have dropped from 55.8% to an average of 23.2% in 2011. Even though the observed egg numbers indicate a moderate to low general infection risk, the potential risk to single individuals should not be underestimated, as highly contaminated spots may occur infrequently and independent of season.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2193-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Mizgajska-Wiktor et al reported that the level of the soil contamination with Toxocara eggs in the cities was higher compared to villages and small towns in Poland, which was associated with the population density of the owner's cats and dogs as pet animals. 28 The differences between the observations in the rate of Toxocara spp. egg across diverse regions may be due to the number of cats and dogs in each area, as well as the variations in environmental conditions such as sunlight, temperature, humidity, and the geographical location of these areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Study of Soil Contamination by Toxocara spp. Eggs in Different Areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Southwest Iran

Shirvani

Abdizadeh

Naeini

et al. 2019

Int J Epidemiol Res

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Background and aims: Toxocariasis caused by the larvae of Toxocara spp. is a zoonotic infection with global distribution that is considered an important health problem in the humans. The soil is regarded as the main source of the transmission of Toxocara infection to susceptible hosts. This study investigated the existence of Toxocara spp. ova in rural and urban public areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Methods: A total of 180 soil samples were randomly collected from 74 public places from urban and rural areas of nine counties of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province during May to September, 2017. The samples were examined for Toxocara spp. eggs by the modified sucrose flotation method. Results: The contamination rate of the soil samples with Toxocara spp. ova varied within 0%-18.1% in different counties. Overall, 9 (5%) out of 180 examined soil samples were found positive for Toxocara spp. ova. Of nine investigated districts, Toxocara spp. ova were observed in four counties and the highest rate of soil contamination was found in Farsan county with 18.1%. Finally, the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs was more in the rural areas (6.7%) compared to the urban ones (3.3%). Conclusion: This study was the first investigation regarding the contamination of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public places in rural and urban areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. According to the results, the rate of soil contamination in this region was lower compared with the other parts of Iran. Therefore, a further study is required to determine factors that may be involved in the distribution of Toxocara spp. in different areas of this province.

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Distribution and dynamics of soil contamination with Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati eggs in Poland and prevention measures proposed after 20 years of study

Cited by 44 publications

References 38 publications

Comparison of the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks soils in different seasons, from 2017 to 2018, Tehran Province, Iran

Comparison of the prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks soils in different seasons, from 2017 to 2018, Tehran Province, Iran

Seasonal variation in the prevalence of Toxocara eggs on children’s playgrounds in the city of Hanover, Germany

The Study of Soil Contamination by Toxocara spp. Eggs in Different Areas of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Southwest Iran

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