Distribution and economic importance of fire blight.

Bonn, W. G.; Zwet, T. van der; Vanneste, J.L.

doi:10.1079/9780851992945.0037

Cited by 150 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…The number of countries in which this disease has been reported has increased continually since it first appeared in 1873 in New York state, USA (Vanneste 2000). It now occurs in at least 40 countries spread across North America, Europe, the Middle East and New Zealand (Bonn and Van der Zwet 2000). Pathogen infection occurs primarily via natural openings in the flowers (nectarthodes) or through wounds on aerial vegetative parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a major QTL together with several minor additive or epistatic QTLs for resistance to fire blight in apple in two related progenies

Calenge¹,

Drouet²,

Denancé³

et al. 2005

Theor Appl Genet

120

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Although fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most destructive diseases of apple (Malus · domestica) worldwide, no major, qualitative gene for resistance to this disease has been identified to date in apple. We conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in two F 1 progenies derived from crosses between the cultivars Fiesta and either Discovery or Prima. Both progenies were inoculated in the greenhouse with the same strain of E. amylovora, and the length of necrosis was scored 7 days and 14 days after inoculation. Additive QTLs were identified using the MAPQTL software, and digenic epistatic interactions, which are an indication of putative epistatic QTLs, were detected by two-way analyses of variance. A major QTL explaining 34.3-46.6% of the phenotypic variation was identified on linkage group (LG) 7 of Fiesta in both progenies at the same genetic position. Four minor QTLs were also identified on LGs 3, 12 and 13. In addition, several significant digenic interactions were identified in both progenies. These results confirm the complex polygenic nature of resistance to fire blight in the progenies studied and also reveal the existence of a major QTL on LG7 that is stable in two distinct genetic backgrounds. This QTL could be a valuable target in marker-assisted selection to obtain new, fire blight-resistant apple cultivars and forms a starting point for discovering the function of the genes underlying such QTLs involved in fire blight control.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a major QTL together with several minor additive or epistatic QTLs for resistance to fire blight in apple in two related progenies

Calenge¹,

Drouet²,

Denancé³

et al. 2005

Theor Appl Genet

120

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“…Fire blight is a serious bacterial disease in pome fruit orchards; it is endemic in north-eastern America (Jock & Geider, 2004) and in the last century it spread to many countries of the northern hemisphere and to New Zealand (Bonn & van der Zwet, 2000). The causative agent Erwinia amylovora is often transmitted by insects (Hildebrand et al, 2000), especially by bees when visiting flowers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of bacteriophage ϕEa1h lysozyme in Escherichia coli and its activity in growth inhibition of Erwinia amylovora

2004

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A 3·3 kb fragment from Erwinia amylovora phage ϕEa1h in plasmid pJH94 was previously characterized and found to contain an exopolysaccharide depolymerase (dpo) gene and two additional ORFs encoding 178 and 119 amino acids. ORF178 (lyz) and ORF119 (hol) were found to overlap by 19 bp and they resembled genes encoding lysozymes and holins. In nucleotide sequence alignments, lyz had structurally conserved regions with residues important for lysozyme function. The lyz gene was cloned into an expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. Active lysozyme was detected only when E. coli cells with the lyz gene and a kanamycin-resistance cassette were grown in the presence of kanamycin. Growth of Erw. amylovora was inhibited after addition of enzyme exceeding a threshold for lysozyme to target cells. When immature pears were soaked in lysates of induced cells, symptoms such as ooze formation and necrosis were retarded or inhibited after inoculation with Erw. amylovora.

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“…Epidemics of high intensity occurred on pear and apple in eastern parts of the USA. In about 1840, FB reached Ohio, Indiana and Illinois (Bonn and van der Van der Zwet, 2000). Catastrophic damage was recorded in California (1901California ( -1909.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It crossed the Pacific and was introduced to Japan on planting material, and it was later found on apples (Uyeda, 1903). Harrison (1904) (cited by Bonn and Van der Zwet, 2000) speculated that this disease had occurred in Canada as early as 1840 and that it had spread to many areas of the Ontario province by 1870. It reached New Zealand in 1919.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The status of Erwinia amylovora in the former Yugoslav Republics over the past two decades

et al. 2013

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Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight (FB) on fruit trees and ornamental plants, rapidly spread across eastern Mediterranean countries in the early 1980s. This quarantine bacterium probably arrived in the southern parts of the former Yugoslavia (now FYR Macedonia) from Greece. Based on symptoms, and isolation and identification data, it was concluded that Erwinia amylovora was the causal agent of pear drying in Macedonia (1989). It was the first experimental confirmation of a presence of E. amylovora in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. The presence of E. amylovora was also proved in Serbia that same year. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, FB was detected during 1990. Based on an official report filed with the Federal Ministry of Agriculture in Belgrade, the presence of E. amylovora in Yugoslavia was confirmed (EPPO - Reporting Service, 1991). Therefore, the presence of the bacterium E. amylovora in the territory of Yugoslavia was officially confirmed in 1990. In Croatia, FB was first observed in villages near the border on Serbia in 1995. In Montenegro, FB was first detected in 1996. In Slovenia, FB appeared as late as in 2001. E. amylovora is now present on 10 hosts (pear, wild pear, apple, quince, medlar, mountainash, hawthorn, firethorn, cotoneaster and Japanese quince) in the territory of the former Yugoslav republics. Based on literature data, losses caused by FB in the former Yugoslav republics in the period 1989-1992 were estimated at about 12,000,000 DEM (mostly in Macedonia) and in the period 1992-1996 at 6,000,000 DEM. Total damage in a more recent epiphytotic year in Slovenia (2003) was estimated at about 474,200 EUR. Conventional and up-to-date rapid methods (PCR, ELISA and IF, BIOLOG and API System, FAME and SDS-PAGE) have been used to identify E. amylovora. Mainly preventive measures have been used to control E. amylovora in the former Yugoslav republics. Spraying with copper products has been practiced during the dormant period and in early spring. In rare cases, spraying has been done at the flowering stage (MARYBLYT), but the problem is that no synthetic bactericides are available on the market. When symptoms occur, only mechanical measures are being applied.

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Distribution and economic importance of fire blight.

Abstract: This chapter discusses the distribution and the economic impact of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), particularly in North America, Europe, eastern Mediterranean, and the Pacific Rim.

Cited by 150 publications

References 0 publications

Identification of a major QTL together with several minor additive or epistatic QTLs for resistance to fire blight in apple in two related progenies

Identification of a major QTL together with several minor additive or epistatic QTLs for resistance to fire blight in apple in two related progenies

Expression of bacteriophage ϕEa1h lysozyme in Escherichia coli and its activity in growth inhibition of Erwinia amylovora

The status of Erwinia amylovora in the former Yugoslav Republics over the past two decades

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