Distribution and Estimation of Heavy Metal (Pb) Contamination Levels in the Water and Sediment Bondet Estuary, Cirebon

Abstract

The water and sediment caused by heavy metal has become a major problem in coastal areas. Heavy metals released into the water binds to particulate matter, accumulate into sediments and its predicted by the pollution assessment method. The aims of this research was to investigate the distribution and contamination levels of Pb in water and sediments of Bondet Estuary. Water and sediments samples were collected from four stations in September 2020. The monitoring data of water quality status, contamination factor (CF), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) were used to provide a assessment of the Pb contamination. The concentration of Pb in water at all stations (0,024-0,031 mg/L) was higher than the standard surface water, with the status is lightly polluted (class B). CF index for all stations 1 ≤ CF <3 indicates moderate Pb contamination in the sediment, while Igeo for each station is <0, which means no contamination. Overall when referring to some guidelines for sediment standards, Pb concentrations at all stations were still below the standard value for sediment. This study provides a basis for assessing future conditions and risks, so that it can contribute to the management and evaluation of heavy metal contamination in the Bondet Estuary.

Human Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Heavy Metals via Dietary Intake of Rainbow Trout in the Influence Area of a Smelting Facility Located in Peru

“…Sediments with high organic matter content and high metal-binding capacity, such as silt/clay and organic-rich sediments, may have a higher affinity for Pb and facilitate its accumulation [ 61 ]. The binding of Pb to organic matter and the formation of insoluble metal sulfides in the sediment can contribute to high concentrations of Pb in the sediment [ 62 , 63 ]. Additional deposition of atmospheric Pb from sources such as vehicle emissions and industrial emissions can also contribute to sediment contamination [ 64 ].…”

Distribution of heavy metal (Pb, Cd and Hg) concentrations in sediment of Bone River, Gorontalo

“…The metal concentrations of Pb, Hg, and Cd from each station were compared with sediment quality standards from other countries (Table 2) and also analyzed using the contamination factor (CF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) to determine the level of heavy metal contamination in sediments, referring to research conducted by several previous researchers, including Edward (2020), Wahyuningsih et al (2021) and Liao et al (2022). Tables of natural levels and normal levels of metals measured in this study are presented in Table 1.…”

“…On the other hand, the low concentration of Pb in St3 is because it is an area or station with low activity; there are no settlements and other activities. According to Wahyuningsih et al (2021), the high and low concentrations of Pb in the waters are influenced by the intensity of human activities in the vicinity, both from agricultural, household, and industrial activities, as Ahmed et al (2017) stated that Pb is a typical anthropogenic metal where its presence in waters can be influenced by surface runoff and input of organic waste from municipal waste or solid waste. In addition, the high and low concentrations of Pb in the waters are caused by anthropogenic sources of metals such as spilled fuel containing lead from heavy equipment (machinery), industrial activities, or transportation.…”

“…Therefore, metal pollution in waters, especially rivers, is an essential issue in many countries, including Indonesia. Metal contamination in waters has been reported in several areas in Indonesia, such as the Lamat River (Arkianti et al, 2019), Ciliwung River (Sudarso et al, 2013), Kaligarang River (Dewi et al, 2014), Gempol River (Widiastuti et al, 2018), the Bonded River (Wahyuningsih et al, 2021), Wobatu Bay (Edward, 2014) including the eastern coast of Sumatra Island, North Coast of Java, Kadim et al (2022) Kalimantan (Arifin et al, 2012;Budiyanto and Lestari, 2017;Yona et al, 2018).…”

“…Lihawa and Mahmud (2012) reported that high mercury levels in water and sediment floated in rivers in Tulabolo Village, where there was gold tailings activity, and the flow of these rivers would enter the Bone River. In addition, Wahyuningsih et al (2021) stated that heavy metals can form complex bonds with particles at the bottom of the water so that they settle and accumulate in sediments; this condition causes the concentration of heavy metals in sediments to tend to be higher than those bound to water. Therefore, activities along the Bone River segment can disrupt the ecological balance of the aquatic organisms and interfere with human health.…”