Distribution and Excretion of Polonium-210. VI. After Intratracheal Administration in the Rat

Rg, Thomas; Jn, Stannard

doi:10.2307/3583484

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Expressed as approximate half-times of clearance, the assumed absorption rates are: type F, 10 min (100%); type M, 10 min (10%), 140 days (90%); type S, 10 min (0.1%), 7000 days (99.9%). The available human and animal data on the absorption of 210 Po from the respiratory tract support the assumption of type M characteristics, particularly for the chloride and similar chemical forms (Smith et al 1961b, 1961a, Scott and West 1975, Casarett 1964b, Berke and Dipasqua 1964, Thomas and Stannard 1964.…”

Section: Inhalation: the Icrp Respiratory Tract Modelmentioning

confidence: 90%

Polonium-210 as a poison

Harrison¹,

Leggett

Lloyd³

et al. 2007

J. Radiol. Prot.

128

101

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The death of Alexander Litvinenko on 23 November 2006 has brought into focus scientific judgements concerning the radiotoxicity of polonium-210 ((210)Po). This paper does not consider the specific radiological circumstances surrounding the tragic death of Mr Litvinenko; rather, it provides an evaluation of published human and animal data and models developed for the estimation of alpha radiation doses from (210)Po and the induction of potentially fatal damage to different organs and tissues. Although uncertainties have not been addressed comprehensively, the reliability of key assumptions is considered. Concentrating on the possibility of intake by ingestion, the use of biokinetic and dosimetric models to estimate organ and tissue doses from (210)Po is examined and model predictions of the time-course of dose delivery are illustrated. Estimates are made of doses required to cause fatal damage, taking account of the possible effects of dose protraction and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of alpha particles compared to gamma and x-rays. Comparison of LD(50) values (dose to cause death for 50% of people) for different tissues with the possible accumulation of dose to these tissues suggests that bone marrow failure is likely to be an important component of multiple contributory causes of death occurring within a few weeks of an intake by ingestion. Animal data on the effects of (210)Po provide good confirmatory evidence of intakes and doses required to cause death within about 3 weeks. The conclusion is reached that 0.1-0.3 GBq or more absorbed to blood of an adult male is likely to be fatal within 1 month. This corresponds to ingestion of 1-3 GBq or more, assuming 10% absorption to blood. Well-characterised reductions in white cell counts would be observed. Bone marrow failure is likely to be compounded by damage caused by higher doses to other organs, including kidneys and liver. Even if the bone marrow could be rescued, damage to other organs can be expected to prove fatal.

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Section: Inhalation: the Icrp Respiratory Tract Modelmentioning

confidence: 90%

Polonium-210 as a poison

Harrison¹,

Leggett

Lloyd³

et al. 2007

J. Radiol. Prot.

128

101

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“…During the initial 30 days post exposure, the rabbit excreted 30% of the administered dose in urine. The rat excreted only 2% of the administered dose in urine during 70 days post exposure (Thomas and Stannard 1964c). The overall rabbit excretion half-time for Po was 20 days compared to the 30 days for the rat.…”

Section: Species Differencesmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The authors concluded that addition of the blood-borne Po to the blood-free tissue Po content seven hours after intravenous administration of Po citrate would add 66% to the spleen, 83% to the liver, 72% to the lung, and 49% to the kidney. Thomas and Stannard (1964c) estimated that bloocl-borne Po in rat organs following intratracheal administration when blood Po is highest relative to total Po (day 62) accounts for decreases of 10.2% in spleen, 37.5% in liver, and 5.3% in kidneys. They assumed removal of only one-third total blood volume at sacrifice.…”

Section: Residual Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In their study of UoPo distribution following intratracheal injection in the rat, Thomas and Stannard (1964c) showed that colloidal Po can become incorporated in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes. However, prolonged retention in the lymph nodes does not occw as is often seen for actinides due to rapid dissolution of colloidal particles (Moroz and Parfenov 1972).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Primate polonium metabolic models and their use in estimation of systemic radiation doses from bioassay data. Final report

Cohen¹

1989

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“…Miners in uranium, niobium, silver, gold, nickel, phosphate, and coal mines are also particularly affected by subject to elevated 210 Po exposure through mineral dust inhalation. Actual revision of ICRP 30 and 67 provides interesting information on inhalation of polonium compounds such as polonium oxide (PoO 2 ), polonium chlorides (PoCl 2 , PoCl 4 ), − polonium hydroxide (Po(OH) 4 ), , polonium under mineral dust form, and polonium condensed with cigarette tar. For example, Cohen et al , showed that 210 Po that condenses with cigarette smoke tar is not readily soluble and is retained in the alveolar interstitial tissue of cigarette smokers.…”

Section: In Vivo Biokinetics Following Inhalation Ingestion and Woundingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Chemical and Radiotoxicological Properties of Polonium for Internal Contamination Purposes

Ansoborlo

Bérard

Auwer

et al. 2012

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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The discovery of polonium (Po) was first published in July, 1898 by P. Curie and M. Curie. It was the first element to be discovered by the radiochemical method. Polonium can be considered as a famous but neglected element: only a few studies of polonium chemistry have been published, mostly between 1950 and 1990. The recent (2006) event in which (210)Po evidently was used as a poison to kill A. Litvinenko has raised new interest in polonium. 2011 being the 100th anniversary of the Marie Curie Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the aim of this review is to look at the several aspects of polonium linked to its chemical properties and its radiotoxicity, including (i) its radiochemistry and interaction with matter; (ii) its main sources and uses; (iii) its physicochemical properties; (iv) its main analytical methods; (v) its background exposure risk in water, food, and other environmental media; (vi) its biokinetics and distribution following inhalation, ingestion, and wound contamination; (vii) its dosimetry; and (viii) treatments available (decorporation) in case of internal contamination.

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Distribution and Excretion of Polonium-210. VI. After Intratracheal Administration in the Rat

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Polonium-210 as a poison

Polonium-210 as a poison

Primate polonium metabolic models and their use in estimation of systemic radiation doses from bioassay data. Final report

Review of Chemical and Radiotoxicological Properties of Polonium for Internal Contamination Purposes

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