Distribution and Fate of Escherichia coli in Lake Michigan Following Contamination with Urban Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows

McLellan, Sandra L.; Hollis, Erika J.; Depas, Morgan M.; Dyke, Meredith Van; Harris, Jason T.; Scopel, Caitlin O.

doi:10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[566:dafoec]2.0.co;2

Cited by 109 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…The peak of the diarrhea cases occurred roughly 5 weeks after the flood and followed the epidemiological pattern of a waterborne outbreak following sewer overflow contaminating surface water. [34][35][36] This is consistent with a study of drinking water sampled following monsoonal floods in Pakistan in which 20% of samples were contaminated with a high level of total fecal coliform bacteria (e.g., E. coli) Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus aureus. 37 Cann and others found over 60% of waterborne illnesses worldwide were linked to heavy rainfall and flooding.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Defining Population Health Vulnerability Following an Extreme Weather Event in an Urban Pacific Island Environment: Honiara, Solomon Islands

Natuzzi

Joshua²,

Shortus

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Extreme weather events are common and increasing in intensity in the southwestern Pacific region. Health impacts from cyclones and tropical storms cause acute injuries and infectious disease outbreaks. Defining population vulnerability to extreme weather events by examining a recent flood in Honiara, Solomon Islands, can help stakeholders and policymakers adapt development to reduce future threats. The acute and subacute health impacts following the April 2014 floods were defined using data obtained from hospitals and clinics, the Ministry of Health and in-country World Health Organization office in Honiara. Geographical information system (GIS) was used to assess morbidity and mortality, and vulnerability of the health system infrastructure and households in Honiara. The April flash floods were responsible for 21 acute deaths, 33 injuries, and a diarrhea outbreak that affected 8,584 people with 10 pediatric deaths. A GIS vulnerability assessment of the location of the health system infrastructure and households relative to rivers and the coastline identified 75% of the health infrastructure and over 29% of Honiara's population as vulnerable to future hydrological events. Honiara, Solomon Islands, is a rapidly growing, highly vulnerable urban Pacific Island environment. Evaluation of the mortality and morbidity from the April 2014 floods as well as the infectious disease outbreaks that followed allows public health specialists and policy makers to understand the health system and populations vulnerability to future shocks. Understanding the negative impacts natural disaster have on people living in urban Pacific environments will help the government as well as development partners in crafting resilient adaptation development.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Defining Population Health Vulnerability Following an Extreme Weather Event in an Urban Pacific Island Environment: Honiara, Solomon Islands

Natuzzi

Joshua²,

Shortus

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…We found that community changes correlated with nutrient concentrations in berm sand. Nutrients are relatively more conserved than E. coli and enterococci, which can die off in short periods of time and be highly transient (50,(54)(55)(56)(57). These findings support that nutrient concentrations and microbial communities are relatively stable over time and reflect longer-term conditions at a beach better than densities of fecal indicators.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Influence of Land Use, Nutrients, and Geography on Microbial Communities and Fecal Indicator Abundance at Lake Michigan Beaches

Cloutier

Alm

McLellan

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bMicrobial communities within beach sand play a key role in nutrient cycling and are important to the nearshore ecosystem function. Escherichia coli and enterococci, two common indicators of fecal pollution, have been shown to persist in the beach sand, but little is known about how microbial community assemblages are related to these fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) reservoirs. We examined eight beaches across a geographic gradient and range of land use types and characterized the indigenous community structure in the water and the backshore, berm, and submerged sands. FIB were found at similar levels in sand at beaches adjacent to urban, forested, and agricultural land and in both the berm and backshore. However, there were striking differences in the berm and backshore microbial communities, even within the same beach, reflecting the very different environmental conditions in these beach zones in which FIB can survive. In contrast, the microbial communities in a particular beach zone were similar among beaches, including at beaches on opposite shores of Lake Michigan. The differences in the microbial communities that did exist within a beach zone correlated to nutrient levels, which varied among geographic locations. Total organic carbon and total phosphorus were higher in Wisconsin beach sand than in beach sand from Michigan. Within predominate genera, finescale sequence differences could be found that distinguished the populations from the two states, suggesting a biogeographic effect. This work demonstrates that microbial communities are reflective of environmental conditions at freshwater beaches and are able to provide useful information regarding long-term anthropogenic stress. Since the creation of the Federal Beach Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health (BEACH) Act of 2000, coastal communities have been challenged with implementing programs for the monitoring of recreational waters. Water quality monitoring relies on fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as Escherichia coli and enterococci, and the assumption that both are fecal in origin. In recent years, many Great Lakes coastal recreational waters were monitored for the first time and subsequently were found to have unacceptable levels of E. coli, indicating the presence of contamination from sources such as sewage, stormwater, or agricultural runoff. However, recent studies have detected high concentrations of FIB in recreational beach sands compared to the concentrations in the nearby monitored waters (1-4). Importantly, several studies have documented that sand reservoirs of FIB play a large role in beach water samples exceeding regulatory limits (1, 3, 5-7).Persistent FIB in the beach environment is of great concern. The presence of FIB in either recreational waters or sand is assumed to indicate a recent pollution event. However, the persistence and possible proliferation of FIB in the beach environment can confound beach-monitoring efforts and poses additional challenges for beach managers. In addition, there is mounting evidence that E. co...

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“…E. coli has also been reported as a poor surrogate for Cryptosporidium in surface waters by Nieminski et al (52), who suggested that direct monitoring of source vulnerability for Cryptosporidium would have more significant value. McLellan et al (53) found that E. coli numbers declined more quickly than the numbers of fecal coliform bacteria in offshore waters outside the Milwaukee Harbor on Lake Michigan. Fecal coliforms were suggested as a more conservative tracer of sewage and potentially a better indicator than E. coli for protozoan pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Waterborne Pathogens and Escherichia coli at Offshore Drinking Water Intakes in Lake Ontario

Edge

Khan

Bouchard

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The occurrence of waterborne pathogens was investigated at three drinking water intakes located about 2 km offshore in Lake Ontario. Water sampling was conducted over 3 years for Campylobacter spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., cultivable enteric viruses, and water quality parameters. All pathogens were detected in the offshore source water for each water treatment plant (WTP1 to WTP3), although at relatively low frequencies and concentrations. Giardia was the most common pathogen, occurring in 36% of water samples from the influent of WTP1 (n ‫؍‬ 46), and with a maximum concentration of 0.70 cysts/liter in this influent. Cryptosporidium occurred as frequently as 15% in the WTP2 influent (n ‫؍‬ 35), with a maximum concentration of 0.40 oocysts/liter in the WTP1 influent. The human Bacteroidales HF183 DNA marker was most common in the WTP1 influent (19%), and this was the only WTP where the Cryptosporidium hominis genotype was detected. No water quality parameter was predictive of pathogen occurrence across all three WTP influents. Escherichia coli was often below detection when pathogens were detected, and spikes in E. coli concentrations often did not coincide with pathogen occurrence. After summer rain events, river plumes had E. coli concentrations as high as 222 CFU/100 ml in surface waters 2 km offshore, without impacting drinking water intakes below the thermocline on the lake bottom. At times, prechlorination to control mussels at offshore intake cribs compromised the use of E. coli for "raw" water quality assessment, particularly for chlorine-resistant Cryptosporidium. E. coli measured by standard methods did not reliably predict pathogen occurrence at drinking water intakes in offshore ecosystems.

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Distribution and Fate of Escherichia coli in Lake Michigan Following Contamination with Urban Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows

Cited by 109 publications

References 1 publication

Defining Population Health Vulnerability Following an Extreme Weather Event in an Urban Pacific Island Environment: Honiara, Solomon Islands

Defining Population Health Vulnerability Following an Extreme Weather Event in an Urban Pacific Island Environment: Honiara, Solomon Islands

Influence of Land Use, Nutrients, and Geography on Microbial Communities and Fecal Indicator Abundance at Lake Michigan Beaches

Occurrence of Waterborne Pathogens and Escherichia coli at Offshore Drinking Water Intakes in Lake Ontario

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